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MLS-C01 Modeling Practice Question

A data scientist is building a text classification model using a bag-of-words approach with logistic regression. The dataset has 10,000 documents and 50,000 unique tokens. The model overfits. Which TWO techniques can help reduce overfitting?

⚠ Common exam trap

AWS often tests the misconception that adding more features or using a more complex model always improves performance, when in fact these actions increase overfitting risk in high-dimensional sparse datasets.

Answer choices

Why each option matters

Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.

Correct answer & explanation

Reduce the vocabulary size by removing rare and very frequent terms

Removing rare and very frequent terms reduces the feature space and eliminates noise, which helps the logistic regression model generalize better. Rare terms often act as noise that the model can latch onto for spurious correlations, while very frequent terms (like stopwords) provide little discriminative power. This dimensionality reduction directly combats overfitting by simplifying the model.

Answer analysis

Option-by-option breakdown

For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.

  • Increase the number of n-grams features

    Why it's wrong here

    Adding more features increases model complexity and likely overfitting.

  • Use one-hot encoding instead of bag-of-words

    Why it's wrong here

    One-hot encoding does not reduce the number of features and can increase sparsity.

  • Use a more complex model such as a neural network

    Why it's wrong here

    Using a neural network increases model capacity, which exacerbates overfitting on 10,000 documents with 50,000 sparse bag-of-words features, as it adds more parameters to memorise noise rather than generalise. This option is tempting because neural networks excel at capturing complex patterns in large datasets, and would be correct if the dataset were substantially larger, providing sufficient examples to regularise the additional parameters.

  • Reduce the vocabulary size by removing rare and very frequent terms

    Why this is correct

    Reducing the number of features reduces model complexity and overfitting.

  • Apply L2 regularization to the logistic regression model

    Why this is correct

    L2 regularization penalizes large weights, reducing overfitting.

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Last reviewed: Jun 30, 2026

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