The answer is user authentication, audit logs, and digital signatures. These three methods ensure accountability because they create an unbroken chain linking actions to a specific individual: audit logs record the event, user authentication verifies who performed it, and digital signatures provide non-repudiation by cryptographically binding the action to the signer. On the ISC2 Certified in Cybersecurity CC exam, this question tests your understanding that accountability is about traceability, not just protection—encryption and firewalls safeguard data and access but fail to tie actions back to a person. A common trap is confusing encryption with non-repudiation; remember that encryption hides content, while digital signatures prove origin. For a quick memory tip, think of the three A’s: Audit, Authentication, and Attestation (via signatures).
ISC2 CC Security Principles Practice Question
This CC practice question tests your understanding of security principles. Read the scenario carefully and evaluate each option against the stated constraints before committing to an answer. After answering, compare your reasoning against the explanation and wrong-answer breakdown below. Once you have made your selection, read the full explanation to reinforce the concept and understand why each distractor is designed to mislead on exam day.
Which THREE of the following are considered methods to ensure accountability in a system?
Answer the question above first, then reveal the full breakdown to understand why each option is right or wrong.
Correct answer & explanation
✓
Audit logs
Accountability requires that actions can be traced to an individual. Audit logs (A) track events. User authentication (B) identifies users. Digital signatures (D) provide non-repudiation and link actions to a signer. Option C (encryption) protects data but does not directly provide accountability. Option E (firewall) controls access but does not trace actions.
Key principle: NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Answer analysis
Option-by-option breakdown
For each option: why learners choose it and why it is or isn't the right answer here.
✗
Data encryption
Why it's wrong here
Encryption protects data but does not provide a means to hold users accountable.
✓
Audit logs
Why this is correct
Audit logs record user actions, enabling traceability.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✓
Digital signatures
Why this is correct
Digital signatures bind an action to a specific user, providing non-repudiation and accountability.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
✗
Intrusion prevention system
Why it's wrong here
IPS blocks attacks but does not directly contribute to accountability.
✓
User authentication
Why this is correct
Authentication identifies the user, which is necessary for accountability.
Related concept
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
Common exam traps
Common exam trap: NAT rules depend on direction and matching traffic
NAT is not only about the public address. The inside/outside interface roles and the ACL or rule that matches traffic are just as important.
Detailed technical explanation
How to think about this question
NAT questions usually test address translation, overload/PAT behaviour, static mappings and whether the right traffic is being translated. Read the interface direction and address terms carefully.
KKey Concepts to Remember
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
PAT allows many inside hosts to share one public address using ports.
Inside local and inside global describe the private and translated addresses.
NAT ACLs identify traffic for translation, not always security filtering.
TExam Day Tips
→Identify inside and outside interfaces first.
→Check whether the scenario needs static NAT, dynamic NAT or PAT.
→Do not confuse NAT matching ACLs with normal packet-filtering intent.
Key takeaway
NAT direction and interface roles matter as much as the IP address mapping. Inside/outside designation controls which traffic is translated.
Real-world example
How this comes up in practice
A developer is choosing between AES-256 (symmetric) and RSA-2048 (asymmetric) for encrypting a large file that will be sent to a partner. Symmetric encryption is fast but requires key exchange; asymmetric is slower but solves the key distribution problem. A hybrid approach — encrypt the file with AES, encrypt the AES key with RSA — is standard. Questions like this test whether you understand when each approach applies.
Related glossary terms
Concepts from this question explained
These glossary pages explain the core terms tested in this CC question in full detail.
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related CC NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
Security Principles — This question tests Security Principles — Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address..
What is the correct answer to this question?
The correct answer is: Audit logs — Accountability requires that actions can be traced to an individual. Audit logs (A) track events. User authentication (B) identifies users. Digital signatures (D) provide non-repudiation and link actions to a signer. Option C (encryption) protects data but does not directly provide accountability. Option E (firewall) controls access but does not trace actions.
What should I do if I get this CC question wrong?
Review the four NAT address types (inside local, inside global, outside local, outside global), PAT port overload, and static vs dynamic NAT use cases. Then practise related CC NAT questions on configuration and troubleshooting.
What is the key concept behind this question?
Static NAT maps one inside address to one outside address.
About these practice questions
Courseiva creates original exam-style practice questions with explanations and wrong-answer analysis. It does not publish real exam questions, exam dumps, or protected exam content. Learn why practice questions differ from exam dumps →
These questions test the same concept from different angles. Work through them to make sure you can recognise it however the exam phrases it.
Variation 1. A security team configures a system to record all user activities for audit purposes. Which principle is being applied?
easy
✓ A.Accountability
B.Integrity
C.Authentication
D.Confidentiality
Why A: Correct: A - Accountability. Accountability ensures actions can be traced to an individual through logging. Option B is wrong because authentication verifies identity. Option C is wrong because confidentiality prevents unauthorized disclosure. Option D is wrong because integrity ensures data accuracy.
Last reviewed: Jun 24, 2026
Question Discussion
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This CC practice question is part of Courseiva's free ISC2 certification practice question bank. Courseiva provides original exam-style practice questions with explanations, topic-based practice, mock exams, readiness tracking, and study analytics to help learners prepare for the CC exam.
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