PCSE Managing operations in a cloud solution environment — Timed 40 Questions

Question 1

A security engineer needs to investigate a potential data exfiltration incident in a Google Cloud environment. The engineer has access to Cloud Logging and wants to identify any unusual outbound network traffic from Compute Engine instances. Which log sink filter should the engineer create to capture VPC flow logs for traffic destined to an external IP address not in the internal network ranges?

Accepted Answer

Create a sink with filter: 'resource.type="gce_subnetwork" AND jsonPayload.connection.dest_ip!="10.0.0.0/8" AND jsonPayload.connection.dest_ip!="172.16.0.0/12" AND jsonPayload.connection.dest_ip!="192.168.0.0/16"'. Option C is correct because it uses a log sink filter that captures VPC flow logs for traffic destined to external IP addresses by explicitly excluding the private RFC 1918 address ranges (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16). This filter ensures only outbound traffic to non-internal IPs is captured, which is essential for investigating potential data exfiltration. The filter correctly uses the `resource.type="gce_subnetwork"` to target VPC flow logs from Compute Engine instances.

Answer

Create a sink with filter: 'resource.type="gce_subnetwork" AND jsonPayload.connection.dest_ip="0.0.0.0/0"'

Answer

Create a sink with filter: 'resource.type="gce_subnetwork" AND jsonPayload.reporter="src" AND jsonPayload.connection.dest_ip="0.0.0.0/0"'

Answer

Create a sink with filter: 'compute.googleapis.com/vpc_flows'

Question 2

A financial services company runs a sensitive application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) with Workload Identity enabled. Security policy requires that only pods with a specific service account can access a Cloud Storage bucket containing customer data. The bucket has uniform bucket-level access enabled. What is the correct combination of IAM bindings to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

Bind the Google service account (linked to the Kubernetes service account via Workload Identity) to the bucket IAM policy with roles/storage.objectViewer. Workload Identity links a Kubernetes service account (KSA) to a Google service account (GSA). When a pod uses that KSA, it authenticates as the linked GSA. Since the bucket has uniform bucket-level access, IAM permissions must be granted directly on the bucket resource, not at the project level. Binding the GSA to the bucket with roles/storage.objectViewer ensures only pods using that specific KSA can read the bucket.

Answer

Add the Google service account as a member of the bucket with roles/storage.objectViewer

Answer

Grant the Google service account roles/storage.objectViewer at the project level

Answer

Bind the Kubernetes service account to the bucket IAM policy with roles/storage.objectViewer

Question 3

A security engineer is tasked with automating the remediation of non-compliant resources in a Google Cloud organization. The organization uses Organization Policy Service to enforce constraints. The engineer needs to automatically disable a specific service (e.g., Compute Engine API) for a project that violates a policy. Which Google Cloud service should be used to trigger this remediation?

Accepted Answer

Cloud Functions. Cloud Functions is correct because it can be triggered by real-time event notifications (e.g., from Cloud Asset Inventory or Pub/Sub) when a policy violation is detected, and then execute custom code to disable the Compute Engine API via the Service Usage API. This serverless, event-driven model is ideal for automated remediation workflows without managing infrastructure.

Answer

Cloud Build

Answer

Cloud Run

Answer

Cloud Scheduler

Question 4

A company is migrating to Google Cloud and wants to ensure that all service account keys are rotated automatically every 90 days. The security engineer needs to implement a solution that detects keys older than 90 days and notifies the security team. What is the most efficient way to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

Use Cloud Asset Inventory to list service account keys, then run a Cloud Scheduler job that invokes a Cloud Function to check key ages and send notifications. Option B is correct because Cloud Asset Inventory can list all service account keys and their creation timestamps, and a Cloud Scheduler job can trigger a Cloud Function to check key ages against the 90-day threshold and send notifications via email or Slack. This approach is efficient as it uses serverless components and avoids polling the IAM API repeatedly, which would be less scalable and more complex.

Answer

Use Cloud Monitoring to query the IAM API for key creation timestamps and trigger an alert

Answer

Create a log-based metric for service account key creation and set up an alert in Cloud Monitoring

Answer

Configure a custom role in Cloud IAM that denies access to keys older than 90 days

Question 5

A security engineer is configuring VPC Service Controls to protect a Google Cloud project containing sensitive data. The project uses Cloud Storage and BigQuery. The engineer wants to ensure that data cannot be exfiltrated to external IP addresses outside the perimeter, but internal users should still be able to access the data from on-premises via a VPN. Which configuration should be applied?

Accepted Answer

Add the project to a VPC Service Controls perimeter and configure an ingress rule to allow traffic from the on-premises VPN CIDR ranges. VPC Service Controls (VPC-SC) allow you to define a security perimeter around Google Cloud services like Cloud Storage and BigQuery, preventing data exfiltration to external IPs. By adding the project to a perimeter and configuring an ingress rule that permits traffic from the on-premises VPN CIDR ranges, internal users can access the data via VPN while all other external traffic is blocked. This meets the requirement of preventing exfiltration to external IPs while allowing authorized on-premises access.

Answer

Do not use VPC Service Controls; instead, rely on IAM permissions and firewall rules to control access

Answer

Create a separate perimeter that denies all traffic and apply it to the project

Answer

Add the project to a VPC Service Controls perimeter with no additional ingress rules

Question 6

A security engineer is investigating a potential data breach in a Google Cloud environment. The engineer suspects that a compromised service account key was used to access Cloud Storage buckets. Which TWO actions should the engineer take immediately to mitigate the risk?

Accepted Answer

Disable the service account. Disabling the service account immediately stops all access using any of its keys, including the compromised one, without deleting the account or its configuration. This is the fastest way to block the attacker while preserving the ability to investigate and re-enable the account later if needed. In Google Cloud, disabling a service account is a reversible action that revokes all authentication and authorization for that identity.

Answer

Revoke all IAM roles granted to the service account

Answer

Rotate the service account key

Answer

Enable Cloud Audit Logs for the service account

Question 7

A security engineer is designing a solution to monitor and detect anomalous IAM role usage across multiple Google Cloud projects. The engineer wants to create a centralized logging solution that captures all IAM policy changes and access attempts. Which THREE services should the engineer use together to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

BigQuery. BigQuery is correct because it serves as the centralized analytics destination for Cloud Audit Logs, enabling the security engineer to run SQL queries across IAM policy changes and access attempts from multiple Google Cloud projects. By exporting audit logs to BigQuery, you can perform complex aggregations and anomaly detection at scale, which is essential for monitoring IAM role usage across a fleet of projects.

Answer

Cloud Monitoring

Answer

Cloud Functions

Question 8

A security engineer is reviewing a log entry in Cloud Logging with the above filter. The engineer wants to understand why this specific log entry was generated. Which action most likely caused this log entry?

Accepted Answer

A user stopped the Compute Engine instance. The log entry was generated because a user stopped the Compute Engine instance. In Cloud Logging, instance lifecycle events such as STOP, START, or RESET are recorded with the method `compute.instances.stop`. This specific log entry matches the filter criteria (e.g., `protoPayload.methodName="v1.compute.instances.stop"`), indicating that the action was a stop operation, not a failure or policy change.

Answer

An SSH login attempt failed due to incorrect credentials

Answer

A firewall rule blocked incoming traffic to the instance

Answer

An IAM policy change granted a user compute.instances.start access

Question 9

A security engineer is reviewing the IAM policy of a Cloud Storage bucket that contains sensitive data. The exhibit shows the current policy. A developer reports that they can read objects in the bucket using service account sa-2, but they cannot delete objects. What is the most likely reason?

Accepted Answer

The service account sa-2 has roles/storage.objectAdmin, which includes delete permissions, but there might be a condition or organization policy preventing deletion. Option B is correct because the IAM policy shows that service account sa-2 has the roles/storage.objectAdmin role, which includes the storage.objects.delete permission. However, the presence of a condition or an organization policy (such as a VPC Service Controls perimeter or a boolean constraint) can override this permission, preventing deletion even though the role is assigned. The developer can read objects (permitted by the role) but cannot delete them, indicating that a higher-level policy is blocking the delete action.

Answer

There is an explicit deny on the bucket for sa-2

Answer

The bucket has uniform bucket-level access disabled, so ACLs override IAM

Answer

The service account sa-2 actually has roles/storage.objectViewer, not objectAdmin

Question 10

A company runs a critical application on Compute Engine instances in a managed instance group (MIG) behind an external TCP/UDP Network Load Balancer. The security team requires that all traffic to the instances be inspected by a third-party next-generation firewall (NGFW) that is not yet deployed. Which architecture should the security engineer implement to meet the requirement with minimal disruption to traffic?

Accepted Answer

Deploy the NGFW as a Compute Engine instance in a separate instance group, and configure the load balancer to forward traffic to that instance group, which then forwards to the MIG.. Option A is correct because it inserts the NGFW as a middlebox in the traffic path without changing the existing load balancer or instance group configuration. The external TCP/UDP Network Load Balancer forwards traffic to the NGFW instance group, which then inspects and forwards packets to the backend MIG. This preserves the original client IP via proxy protocol or encapsulation, meets the security requirement, and minimizes disruption by avoiding reconfiguration of the existing MIG or load balancer type.

Answer

Change the load balancer type to Internal TCP/UDP Load Balancer and route traffic through the NGFW.

Answer

Replace the Network Load Balancer with a proxy-based load balancer that can integrate with the NGFW via Traffic Director.

Answer

Use Cloud NAT and route all egress traffic through the NGFW.

Question 11

A security engineer is designing a VPC Service Controls perimeter to protect a project containing sensitive data stored in Cloud Storage and BigQuery. The perimeter currently allows access from an on-premises data center via private connectivity (Cloud Interconnect). The business requires that a third-party SaaS application (outside the perimeter) be able to write data into a specific Cloud Storage bucket. Which action should the engineer take?

Accepted Answer

Create a service account for the SaaS application, grant it the Storage Object Creator role, and configure an access level that includes the service account. Then, add that access level to the perimeter's ingress policy.. Option B is correct because VPC Service Controls perimeters use ingress policies to explicitly allow access from outside the perimeter. By creating a service account for the SaaS application, granting it the Storage Object Creator role, and configuring an access level that includes that service account, the engineer can add the access level to the perimeter's ingress policy. This allows the external SaaS application to write data into the specific Cloud Storage bucket while still blocking all other external access, maintaining the security of the sensitive data.

Answer

Create a service account for the SaaS application and grant it the Storage Object Creator role; then add the service account to the perimeter's allowed identities.

Answer

Create an access level that includes the SaaS application's IP addresses and use that in the perimeter's ingress policy.

Answer

Add the SaaS application's external IP addresses to the perimeter's allowed IP ranges.

Question 12

An organization uses Cloud Audit Logs to monitor admin activity. The security team wants to be alerted when a user creates a new IAM role at the organization level. Which type of audit log should they analyze?

Accepted Answer

Admin Activity audit logs. Admin Activity audit logs (option D) are the correct choice because they record operations that modify the configuration or metadata of resources, such as creating or modifying IAM roles and policies at the organization level. In Google Cloud, Admin Activity audit logs are enabled by default and capture all 'admin write' events, including the creation of an IAM role, which is a configuration change. The security team needs to monitor these logs to detect when a user creates a new IAM role, as this is an administrative action that alters the organization's security posture.

Answer

Policy Denied audit logs

Answer

System Event audit logs

Answer

Data Access audit logs

Question 13

A company is migrating its on-premises Microsoft Active Directory to Google Cloud using Managed Microsoft AD (Microsoft AD). They need to ensure that users can authenticate to Compute Engine Windows instances using their on-premises credentials without additional user setup. What is the most secure and scalable approach?

Accepted Answer

Create a two-way trust between the Managed Microsoft AD domain and the on-premises AD domain.. Option B is correct because establishing a two-way trust between Managed Microsoft AD and the on-premises AD domain allows users to authenticate to Compute Engine Windows instances using their existing on-premises credentials without any additional user setup. This trust enables Kerberos authentication to flow seamlessly across the two domains, ensuring that on-premises users can access cloud resources securely and scalably without duplicating identities or credentials.

Answer

Configure the Windows instances to join the on-premises AD domain directly via VPN.

Answer

Synchronize on-premises users to Managed Microsoft AD using Google Cloud Directory Sync (GCDS).

Answer

Store on-premises user credentials in Cloud KMS and use a custom authentication script.

Question 14

A security engineer is troubleshooting a connectivity issue between two VPCs connected via VPC Network Peering. VPC-A (project A) has a Compute Engine instance with internal IP 10.1.0.2. VPC-B (project B) has an instance with internal IP 10.2.0.2. The engineer has verified that the peering connection is active and the firewall rules allow ingress from 10.1.0.0/16. However, the instance in VPC-B cannot ping the instance in VPC-A. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The VPC-B does not have a route to VPC-A's subnet ranges. Custom route exchange is not enabled on the peering connection.. The most likely cause is that custom route exchange is not enabled on the VPC Network Peering connection. By default, VPC peering does not exchange custom routes (including subnet routes) unless explicitly enabled. Without this, VPC-B has no route to the 10.1.0.0/16 subnet of VPC-A, so the instance in VPC-B cannot send traffic to 10.1.0.2, even though firewall rules allow ingress. The peering connection being active only means the link is established, not that routes are automatically propagated.

Answer

The VPC-A has a firewall rule that denies ICMP traffic from VPC-B.

Answer

The MTU configuration on the peering connection is set too low.

Answer

The instance in VPC-B does not have a public IP address.

Question 15

A security engineer is configuring Cloud Armor to protect a global external HTTP(S) Load Balancer. Which TWO of the following are valid Cloud Armor security policies? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

Preconfigured OWASP Top 10 rules. Option D is correct because Cloud Armor includes preconfigured rules that map directly to the OWASP Top 10 web application vulnerabilities, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). These rules are managed by Google and automatically updated to protect against the latest attack patterns, making them a valid security policy for a global external HTTP(S) Load Balancer.

Answer

Web Security Scanner scan rule

Answer

Signed URL policy

Answer

Preconfigured Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP) rule

Question 16

An organization wants to enforce data loss prevention (DLP) for sensitive data stored in Cloud Storage. Which THREE of the following Google Cloud services can be used together to inspect, classify, and automatically redact sensitive data in Cloud Storage? (Choose three.)

Accepted Answer

Cloud Storage. Cloud Storage is the target data repository where sensitive data resides, making it a necessary component of the DLP workflow. The Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API inspects and classifies the data, and Cloud Functions can be triggered by Cloud Storage events to automatically redact or transform the sensitive content before it is stored or accessed.

Answer

BigQuery

Answer

Dialogflow CX

Question 17

Refer to the exhibit. A security engineer runs the command to view recent decrypt operations on a Cloud KMS key. The output shows a successful decryption. However, the engineer is concerned about the exposure of the plaintext. Based on the log entry, what is the most accurate statement regarding the visibility of the decrypted plaintext?

Accepted Answer

The plaintext field is redacted by Cloud KMS, and the actual plaintext is not visible in the log entry.. Option C is correct because Cloud KMS automatically redacts the plaintext field in Cloud Audit Logs for decrypt operations. The log entry shows a successful decryption, but the actual decrypted data is never written to the logs; instead, the plaintext field is replaced with a redacted marker (e.g., `[REDACTED]`). This is a security feature to prevent sensitive data from being exposed in audit logs, even to users with access to view them.

Answer

The plaintext field is not present in the log because the service does not log it.

Answer

The plaintext field contains the base64-encoded ciphertext, and the engineer needs to decode it.

Answer

The plaintext field contains the actual decrypted data in plaintext, and the engineer should restrict access to the logs.

Question 18

A security engineer is troubleshooting an issue where a Compute Engine VM cannot connect to a Cloud SQL instance that has a private IP address. Both resources are in the same VPC network. The VM's firewall rules allow egress to any destination, and the Cloud SQL instance's authorized networks include the VPC network. What is the most likely cause of the connection failure?

Accepted Answer

The VPC network does not have a private services access connection (VPC peering) to the Service Networking API.. Cloud SQL instances with private IP addresses require a private services access connection (VPC peering) between the VPC network and the Service Networking API's managed tenant project. Without this VPC peering, the VM cannot route traffic to the Cloud SQL instance's private IP, even if both are in the same VPC network. Option C directly identifies this missing prerequisite.

Answer

Private Google Access is not enabled on the subnet.

Answer

The VM's firewall rules block traffic to the Cloud SQL IP range.

Answer

The Cloud SQL instance requires the Cloud SQL Auth proxy to be installed on the VM.

Question 19

A company is using Cloud Armor to protect their HTTP(S) load balancer. They have configured a security policy with a rule to block traffic from a specific IP address (10.0.0.1/32). During testing, they observe that requests from that IP are still reaching the backend. What is the most likely reason?

Accepted Answer

The security policy is not attached to the backend service.. Cloud Armor security policies must be explicitly attached to a backend service to take effect. If the policy is not attached, the rules within it—including the block rule for 10.0.0.1/32—are not evaluated, and traffic flows to the backend as if no policy exists. This is the most common cause when a configured rule appears to be ignored.

Answer

The backend service is configured to bypass Cloud Armor.

Answer

Cloud Armor does not support blocking specific IP addresses.

Answer

The rule has a lower priority than a default allow rule.

Question 20

A financial services company runs a PCI DSS-compliant workload on Google Cloud. They use a service account with roles/container.clusterAdmin to manage a GKE cluster. The security team has enabled Binary Authorization with a policy that requires all container images to be signed by a trusted authority. Recently, a developer reported that a new deployment failed with the error: 'Image verification failed: no signature found for digest sha256:abc...'. The image is stored in Artifact Registry and the developer built it using Cloud Build with a trigger that automatically signs images using Cloud KMS. The Cloud Build service account has roles/cloudkms.signerVerifier and roles/binaryauthorization.attestorsViewer. The Binary Authorization policy is configured to require at least one attestation from the trusted attestor. What is the most likely reason for the failure?

Accepted Answer

The Cloud Build service account lacks the roles/binaryauthorization.attestorsEditor role.. The Cloud Build service account has roles/cloudkms.signerVerifier and roles/binaryauthorization.attestorsViewer, which allow it to sign images and view attestors, but it lacks the roles/binaryauthorization.attestorsEditor role. Without this role, the service account cannot create or manage attestations in Binary Authorization, so even though the image is signed, no attestation is recorded, causing the policy to fail with 'no signature found'.

Answer

The container image is stored in a different registry that is not supported by Binary Authorization.

Answer

The GKE cluster's node service account does not have permission to verify attestations.

Answer

The Binary Authorization policy requires an attestation from a different attestor that is not configured.