PCSE Configuring network security — 30 Questions

Question 1

Your organization has a VPC with several subnets hosting Compute Engine instances. You need to allow SSH access (port 22) to instances in the 'management' subnet from the internet, but only from the office's static IP range (203.0.113.0/24). All other ingress traffic to that subnet should be blocked. Which firewall rule configuration should you create?

Accepted Answer

Create an ingress rule with target tag 'management', source IP range 203.0.113.0/24, protocol tcp:22, action allow. Option C is correct because it creates an ingress firewall rule that explicitly allows TCP port 22 traffic from the office's static IP range (203.0.113.0/24) to instances tagged 'management'. In Google Cloud VPC firewall rules, the default action is to deny all ingress traffic unless an allow rule matches, so this single allow rule satisfies the requirement: only SSH from the office IP range is permitted, and all other ingress is implicitly blocked.

Answer

Create an ingress rule with target tag 'management', source IP range 0.0.0.0/0, protocol tcp:22, action allow

Answer

Create an ingress rule with target tag 'management', source IP range 203.0.113.0/24, protocol tcp:22, action deny

Answer

Create an ingress rule with target tag 'management', source IP range 203.0.113.0/24, protocol all, action allow

Question 2

Your company is deploying a web application on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) with an Internal Load Balancer (ILB) as the ingress. The application must only be accessible from within the same VPC and from an on-premises network connected via Cloud VPN. The on-premises network uses IP range 10.0.0.0/8. You have already created the ILB with a backend service. What is the most secure way to restrict access to the ILB?

Accepted Answer

Configure the backend service's firewall rules to only allow traffic from the ILB's health check ranges and from the VPC and on-premises source ranges. Option B is correct because the most secure way to restrict access to an Internal Load Balancer (ILB) is to apply firewall rules directly on the backend service (the instance group or NEG). This ensures that only traffic from the ILB's health check probe ranges (130.211.0.0/22 and 35.191.0.0/16 for GKE) and the allowed source ranges (VPC and on-premises) can reach the backend instances. This approach prevents any traffic from reaching the backend except through the ILB, which is the intended secure design for an internal-only application.

Answer

Configure a VPC firewall rule to deny all ingress traffic to the ILB's forwarding rule IP address, and then create a higher-priority allow rule for the VPC and on-premises ranges

Answer

Use GKE Network Policy to restrict ingress traffic to the application pods from the VPC and on-premises ranges

Answer

Use Cloud Armor to create a security policy that allows traffic only from the VPC and on-premises ranges, and attach it to the ILB

Question 3

You have a Compute Engine VM that hosts a custom application. The VM has a tag 'app-server' and is in a VPC network with the following firewall rules (priority order from lowest to highest):

Rule 1: Priority 1000, direction INGRESS, source 0.0.0.0/0, target tag 'app-server', protocol tcp:80, action allow
Rule 2: Priority 500, direction INGRESS, source 10.0.0.0/8, target tag 'app-server', protocol tcp:80, action deny
Rule 3: Priority 2000, direction INGRESS, source 192.168.0.0/16, target tag 'app-server', protocol tcp:80, action allow

A user from IP 10.0.0.5 tries to access the application on port 80. Will the request be allowed or denied?

Accepted Answer

Denied, because Rule 2 has a lower priority number and explicitly denies traffic from 10.0.0.0/8. Rule 2 has a priority of 500, which is lower (higher priority) than Rule 1 (priority 1000) and Rule 3 (priority 2000). Since the source IP 10.0.0.5 falls within the 10.0.0.0/8 range, Rule 2 matches first and explicitly denies the traffic. In Google Cloud VPC firewall rules, lower priority numbers are evaluated first, and the first matching rule determines the action.

Answer

Denied, because Rule 3 has a higher priority number and denies traffic from 192.168.0.0/16

Answer

Allowed, because Rule 1 has a lower priority number and allows all traffic

Answer

Allowed, because Rule 3 has a higher priority number and allows traffic from 192.168.0.0/16

Question 4

Your organization uses Shared VPC with a host project and several service projects. You need to ensure that all egress traffic from Compute Engine instances in a service project is routed through a centralized Cloud NAT in the host project. What is the required configuration?

Accepted Answer

Configure a Cloud NAT on the Cloud Router in the host project for the subnet that is shared with the service project. Option C is correct because a Cloud NAT configured on the Cloud Router in the host project for the shared subnet allows all Compute Engine instances in service projects attached to that subnet to use the host project's NAT IP for outbound traffic. This is the only way to centralize egress traffic through the host project's Cloud NAT while respecting Shared VPC architecture, as the NAT is tied to the subnet and Cloud Router in the host project.

Answer

Create a firewall rule in the host project that denies all egress traffic except to the Cloud NAT IP

Answer

Set the instances to use a custom route with next-hop as the Cloud NAT IP address

Answer

Configure a Cloud NAT in each service project and associate it with the subnet that the instances use

Question 5

You are designing a multi-tier application with a frontend and backend. The frontend instances are in subnet A (10.0.1.0/24), and the backend instances are in subnet B (10.0.2.0/24). Both subnets are in the same VPC. You want to allow the frontend to communicate with the backend on TCP port 8080, but the backend must not be able to initiate connections to the frontend. Additionally, the backend must be able to send patches to the internet. Which set of firewall rules should you implement?

Accepted Answer

Ingress rule on backend: allow tcp:8080 from subnet A; Egress rule on backend: allow all to internet. Option B is correct because the frontend in subnet A initiates connections to the backend on TCP port 8080, so an ingress rule on the backend allowing traffic from subnet A permits this. An egress rule on the backend allowing all traffic to the internet enables patch downloads. This setup prevents the backend from initiating connections to the frontend, as no egress rule on the backend targets the frontend, and no ingress rule on the frontend allows unsolicited traffic from the backend.

Answer

Ingress rule on frontend: allow tcp:8080 from backend's service account; Egress rule on backend: allow all to internet

Answer

Ingress rule on frontend: allow tcp:8080 from subnet B; Egress rule on backend: allow all to internet

Answer

Ingress rule on backend: allow tcp:8080 from subnet A; Egress rule on frontend: deny all to internet

Question 6

You are a security engineer for a company that runs a critical application on Google Cloud. You need to implement defense in depth for network security. Which TWO of the following are effective network security controls that you should implement?

Accepted Answer

VPC firewall rules to restrict traffic between subnets. VPC firewall rules (B) are a fundamental network security control that allow you to restrict traffic between subnets based on source/destination IP ranges, protocols, and ports. This implements network segmentation and micro-segmentation, which is a core principle of defense in depth. Cloud Armor (E) provides Web Application Firewall (WAF) capabilities and DDoS protection at the edge of Google's network, filtering malicious traffic before it reaches your VMs or load balancers.

Answer

OS-level host-based firewalls on each VM

Answer

IAM roles to control who can create Compute Engine instances

Answer

Workload Identity Federation to allow workloads to authenticate to Google APIs

Question 7

Your company has a VPC with multiple subnets. You have deployed a set of Compute Engine instances that must communicate with each other over TCP port 4444. The instances are tagged with 'app-tier'. You need to ensure that only these instances can communicate on this port. Which THREE of the following steps are necessary to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

Create an egress firewall rule that allows TCP 4444 from target tag 'app-tier' to source tag 'app-tier'. Option B is correct because egress firewall rules control outbound traffic from instances. By creating an egress rule allowing TCP 4444 from source tag 'app-tier' to destination tag 'app-tier', you ensure that only instances with the 'app-tier' tag can send traffic on that port to other 'app-tier' instances, while all other outbound traffic is implicitly denied by the default deny egress rule (unless overridden by a higher-priority allow rule). This restricts communication to the intended group.

Answer

Remove the default allow egress rule that allows all outbound traffic

Answer

Create a VPC firewall rule to deny all egress traffic from the VPC

Question 8

You are designing network security for a multi-region GKE cluster with Pods that need to communicate across regions over a private network. The cluster uses VPC-native mode. Which Google Cloud networking feature should you use to ensure low-latency and secure inter-region Pod-to-Pod communication without traversing the public internet?

Accepted Answer

Cloud Interconnect. Cloud Interconnect provides a dedicated, high-bandwidth, low-latency connection between your on-premises network and Google Cloud, or between Google Cloud regions, bypassing the public internet. For multi-region GKE clusters using VPC-native mode, Cloud Interconnect enables secure, private inter-region Pod-to-Pod communication by routing traffic through Google's internal backbone, ensuring minimal latency and no exposure to the public internet.

Answer

Cloud VPN with dynamic routing

Answer

Private Service Connect

Answer

VPC Flow Logs

Question 9

Your organization requires that all egress traffic from a VPC network be inspected by a third-party security appliance before leaving the network. The appliance is deployed in a separate VPC. What is the most scalable and maintainable way to route traffic through the appliance?

Accepted Answer

Deploy the appliance in a separate VPC and create a route with next hop as the appliance's internal IP, and tag the VMs that need inspection.. Option C is correct because it uses a route with a next hop of the appliance's internal IP, combined with VM tags to selectively route egress traffic through the appliance. This approach is scalable and maintainable as it avoids complex peering or interconnect setups, and tags allow granular control without modifying routes for every VM.

Answer

Use Cloud Interconnect to connect the two VPCs and configure BGP to advertise a default route from the appliance VPC.

Answer

Use Private Google Access to route traffic through the appliance.

Answer

Deploy the appliance in a separate VPC and use VPC Network Peering with route export/import to redirect traffic.

Question 10

A security engineer is troubleshooting connectivity issues between two Compute Engine instances in the same VPC but in different subnets. Both instances have internal IPs and are in the same region. The firewall rules allow ingress from 10.0.0.0/8. However, traffic is failing. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The ingress firewall rule is applied to a network tag that is not assigned to the destination instances.. Option C is correct because firewall rules in Google Cloud VPC are applied to the destination instance based on network tags, not just the subnet or IP range. If the ingress rule allowing traffic from 10.0.0.0/8 is configured with a target tag that is not assigned to the destination Compute Engine instances, the rule will not apply, and traffic will be dropped. This is a common misconfiguration when using tags to selectively apply firewall rules.

Answer

The instances are using external IPs and the source IP is being NATed.

Answer

The VPC has dynamic routing mode set to global, causing routing conflicts.

Answer

There is a firewall rule with a lower priority that denies egress traffic between subnets.

Question 11

Which TWO options are valid methods to secure data in transit between an on-premises data center and a Google Cloud VPC?

Accepted Answer

Dedicated Interconnect with MACsec. Dedicated Interconnect with MACsec (Media Access Control Security) provides encryption at Layer 2, securing data in transit over the dedicated connection between your on-premises data center and Google Cloud VPC. MACsec uses GCM-AES-128 or GCM-AES-256 encryption to protect all traffic on the link, ensuring confidentiality and integrity without the overhead of IPsec.

Answer

Private Google Access

Answer

VPC Network Peering

Answer

Internal HTTPS Load Balancing

Question 12

Which THREE components are required to configure VPC Flow Logs for a Compute Engine instance?

Accepted Answer

Enable VPC Flow Logs on the subnet. VPC Flow Logs capture network traffic metadata at the subnet level. Enabling flow logs on the subnet (A) is the primary configuration step that activates logging for all VM instances within that subnet. The VM's service account must have the compute.instances.get permission (B) to allow the flow log agent to retrieve instance metadata required for log entries. A VM with a network interface in the subnet (D) is necessary because flow logs are generated per network interface; without a VM in the subnet, there is no traffic to log.

Answer

A log sink to export logs to BigQuery

Answer

A metadata server to store logs

Question 13

Your organization wants to ensure that no Compute Engine instance can have a public IP address. What is the best way to enforce this policy?

Accepted Answer

Use an Organization Policy with the constraint `compute.vmExternalIpAccess`. Option B is correct because the Organization Policy constraint `compute.vmExternalIpAccess` is a native Google Cloud policy that can be applied at the project, folder, or organization level to explicitly deny the assignment of external IP addresses to Compute Engine instances. This policy is enforced at the resource creation time, preventing any instance from being launched with a public IP, and it cannot be overridden by project-level IAM permissions, making it the most direct and effective enforcement mechanism.

Answer

Use Cloud Audit Logs to monitor and alert on instances with public IPs

Answer

Use a firewall rule that blocks traffic from 0.0.0.0/0

Answer

Use a Service Perimeter from VPC Service Controls

Question 14

A company is using a Shared VPC in Google Cloud with multiple service projects. The security team wants to restrict egress traffic from a specific service project to only allowed external IP addresses. The network project hosts the VPC. What is the best approach?

Accepted Answer

Create a firewall rule in the host project that denies egress to all destinations except the allowed IPs, and apply it to the service project's VMs via service accounts.. In a Shared VPC, firewall rules are defined in the host project and apply to VM instances in service projects. Option D correctly creates a deny-all egress rule in the host project, then uses a higher-priority allow rule for specific external IPs, scoped to service accounts of the target VMs. This ensures egress traffic from the specific service project is restricted at the VPC firewall level, which is the only effective way to control outbound traffic in a Shared VPC architecture.

Answer

Use Private Google Access to restrict egress.

Answer

Use VPC Service Controls to restrict egress.

Answer

Create a firewall rule in the service project's VPC that denies egress.

Question 15

Your organization has a hybrid network with an on-premises data center connected to Google Cloud via a Dedicated Interconnect. The on-premises network uses RFC 1918 addresses (10.0.0.0/8) and Google Cloud VPC has a subnet in 10.1.0.0/16. You've configured a Cloud Router with BGP to exchange routes. Recently, you set up a new VPC with a subnet in 10.2.0.0/16 and peered it with the first VPC using VPC Network Peering. You notice that on-premises traffic destined to 10.2.0.0/16 is being dropped. You verify that the firewall rules allow the traffic and that BGP routes for 10.2.0.0/16 are not advertised on-premises. What should you do to enable connectivity from on-premises to the new VPC?

Accepted Answer

Configure the Cloud Router to advertise the 10.2.0.0/16 range via custom route advertisement.. Option B is correct because the Cloud Router uses BGP to advertise routes to the on-premises network via the Dedicated Interconnect. By default, only VPC subnet routes are advertised; custom route advertisements must be explicitly configured to propagate the peered VPC's subnet (10.2.0.0/16) to on-premises. This ensures the on-premises routers learn the route and can forward traffic to the new VPC.

Answer

Set up a Cloud VPN tunnel between the new VPC and on-premises.

Answer

Add a firewall rule in the new VPC allowing all traffic from 10.0.0.0/8.

Answer

Create a Shared VPC and attach the new VPC as a service project.

Question 16

You are a security engineer for a financial services company that processes sensitive customer data. Your architecture includes two VPCs: 'data-vpc' (10.1.0.0/16) containing BigQuery datasets and Cloud Storage buckets, and 'app-vpc' (10.2.0.0/16) containing Compute Engine instances running a customer-facing application. The application needs to read from BigQuery and write to Cloud Storage. You have configured VPC Network Peering between the VPCs. Additionally, you have set up Private Google Access on all subnets in 'data-vpc' and 'app-vpc'. The application instances cannot connect to BigQuery or Cloud Storage. You have verified that firewall rules allow egress traffic to the Google APIs IP range (199.36.153.4/30) and that DNS resolution works correctly. What is the most likely cause of the connectivity failure?

Accepted Answer

The 'app-vpc' subnets do not have a default route (0.0.0.0/0) to the internet gateway.. Option C is correct because Private Google Access requires a default route (0.0.0.0/0) to the internet gateway in the VPC where the Compute Engine instances reside. Without this route, traffic destined for Google APIs (including BigQuery and Cloud Storage) cannot be forwarded to the internet gateway, even if Private Google Access is enabled on the subnet. The firewall rules and DNS are correctly configured, but the missing default route prevents the egress traffic from reaching the Google API IP range (199.36.153.4/30).

Answer

VPC Network Peering does not support Private Google Access.

Answer

Cloud NAT is not configured for 'app-vpc'.

Answer

Firewall rules are blocking traffic to the Google APIs IP range.

Question 17

A company is deploying a multi-tier application on Google Cloud. The web tier must be accessible from the internet, while the application and database tiers must only be accessible from the web tier. The security team wants to use VPC firewall rules and Cloud NAT for outbound internet access from private instances. Which architecture meets these requirements with the least operational overhead?

Accepted Answer

Place web tier in a public subnet with public IPs. Place app/db tiers in private subnets with no public IPs. Use firewall rules to allow traffic from web to app, and app to db. Configure Cloud NAT for private subnets.. Option D is correct because it uses a single VPC with separate public and private subnets, which minimizes operational overhead while meeting the security requirements. The web tier in the public subnet gets public IPs for internet access, while the app and database tiers in private subnets have no public IPs and rely on Cloud NAT for outbound internet. Firewall rules restrict traffic to only the necessary flows (web→app, app→db), and Cloud NAT provides scalable outbound connectivity without managing a proxy VM.

Answer

Use a single subnet for all tiers. Assign public IPs to all instances. Use firewall rules to restrict access between tiers. Use a proxy VM for outbound internet from app/db tiers.

Answer

Create separate VPCs for each tier. Use VPC peering to connect them. Use firewall rules to allow traffic. Use a bastion host for SSH access to app/db tiers.

Answer

Place all tiers in the same VPC. Use firewall rules to restrict access. Assign public IPs to web tier instances and private IPs to app/db tiers. Configure Cloud NAT for app/db tiers.

Question 18

A security engineer is configuring VPC Service Controls to protect a Google Cloud project containing sensitive data. The project contains Compute Engine instances, Cloud Storage buckets, and BigQuery datasets. The perimeter is defined with the project as a protected project. Which TWO actions are valid to restrict data exfiltration while maintaining necessary access?

Accepted Answer

Configure the service perimeter to allow access from the VPC network where the Compute Engine instances reside using private Google access.. Option B is correct because VPC Service Controls can allow traffic from a specific VPC network via private Google access, which uses RFC 1918 addresses and does not traverse the public internet. This restricts data exfiltration by ensuring that only resources within the defined VPC can access the protected services, while still allowing legitimate Compute Engine instances to reach Cloud Storage and BigQuery within the perimeter.

Answer

Use VPC Service Controls to block access to the Compute Engine metadata server to prevent credential extraction.

Answer

Create a service perimeter that includes all Google Cloud projects in the organization to simplify management.

Answer

Use VPC Service Controls to restrict access based on network tags on Compute Engine instances.

Question 19

Drag and drop the steps to configure a VPC Service Controls perimeter in the correct order.

Question 20

Drag and drop the steps to respond to a data breach involving a Cloud Storage bucket in the correct order.