Storage Management

A storage administrator wants to create a software RAID 10 (1+0) array using six disks. Which mdadm command is appropriate?

A Linux server uses a software RAID1 array /dev/md0 assembled from /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. The administrator wants to replace the failing disk /dev/sdc with a new disk /dev/sdd without losing data or interrupting service. Which two steps are required to correctly replace the disk in the array? (Choose two.)

An administrator manages a server whose /home directory resides on the logical volume /dev/vg_users/lv_home. Usage reports show the LV is 98% full, and the volume group vg_users has 40 GB of free extents. The filesystem is ext4. Which sequence correctly expands the usable space to /home?

An administrator is configuring a new server with two 1 TiB NVMe disks, /dev/nvme0n1 and /dev/nvme1n1, and wants to use LVM to create a single logical volume that spans both disks for a database. The volume group will be named vg_db and the logical volume lv_db. Which two commands are required to initialize the disks for LVM and create the volume group? (Choose two.)

A system administrator is setting up a high-availability cluster using shared storage. Which filesystem is best suited for this environment where multiple nodes need simultaneous read-write access to the same filesystem?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to mount a filesystem with the 'noexec' option to prevent execution of binaries?

A system administrator is setting up a new backup server. The server has two 4TB disks /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. The administrator decides to create a RAID1 array and then an LVM volume group on top of the RAID device. After creating the RAID1 array /dev/md0, they create a physical volume, volume group named vg_backup, and a logical volume lv_data of size 2TB. Then they format with ext4 and mount at /backup. During testing, they realize that the backup data volume will likely exceed 2TB eventually. They want to expand the filesystem to use all available space in the RAID array. What is the correct procedure?

An administrator has added a new disk (/dev/sdb) to a Linux system. The disk is to be used as a physical volume in an existing volume group 'vg_data'. Which sequence of commands should be executed to make the disk available to the volume group?

An administrator needs to check the UUID of a filesystem on /dev/sdb1. Which command should be used?

A file server has an XFS filesystem on /dev/vg_data/lv_share that is nearly full. The volume group has 50 GB of free space. The administrator runs lvextend -L +20G /dev/vg_data/lv_share, which succeeds. However, df -h still reports the original size. What should the administrator do next to make the additional space usable?

An administrator needs to configure software RAID 5 on three disks /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc with a spare disk /dev/sdd. Which command correctly creates the RAID array?

A system administrator needs to identify all available block devices on a Linux server. Which two commands can be used to accomplish this? (Choose two.)

A system administrator notices that a new 500GB SSD (/dev/sdb) is not being recognized by the system after installation. The server uses UEFI and GPT partitioning. Which command should the administrator run first to verify that the disk is detected by the kernel?

A junior administrator needs to mount an ISO image located at /opt/images/install.iso to the directory /mnt/iso without burning it to a physical disc. Which command should be used?

An administrator is preparing a new server that will use software RAID 1 for the root filesystem. The system has two identical 500 GB disks, /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. The administrator wants to create the RAID array and then place LVM on top of it. Which command correctly creates the RAID 1 array using the entire disks?

An administrator has a volume group vg_data with 50 GB of free extents. The logical volume /dev/vg_data/lv_archive is 200 GB and must grow to 350 GB. The administrator runs lvextend -L +150G /dev/vg_data/lv_archive and it fails. Which is the most likely cause?

A Linux server uses LVM for its data volume /dev/vg_data/lv_app. The volume group vg_data has 30 GB of free extents and the logical volume lv_app is currently 100 GB. An administrator runs `lvextend -L +20G /dev/vg_data/lv_app` and receives a success message, but `df -h /app` still reports 100 GB. The filesystem on lv_app is ext4. Which command must the administrator run next to make the additional space usable?

A company's database server uses LVM for storage. The system administrator notices that the logical volume /dev/vg_db/lv_data is at 95% capacity. The server is in production and cannot be taken offline. The volume group vg_db has free physical extents. Which command sequence should the administrator use to safely increase the size of the logical volume and filesystem without unmounting?

A system administrator is troubleshooting a server that fails to boot because the root filesystem, which is on an LVM logical volume, cannot be found. The administrator suspects that the initramfs does not include the necessary LVM modules. Which command should be used to rebuild the initramfs for the currently running kernel on a Debian-based system?

An administrator created an LVM snapshot of a logical volume to perform a backup. During the backup, the snapshot runs out of space. What will happen to the original logical volume?

Refer to the exhibit. The administrator wants to create a RAID 1 array using /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. Which command should be used?

Match each Linux package management command to its distribution.

An administrator receives a report that a specific directory /var/log is consuming too much disk space. Which command should be used to determine the total disk space used by that directory?

A system administrator receives an alert that disk /dev/sda is predicted to fail soon. The server uses LVM, and /dev/sda is part of a volume group named vg_system. Which of the following is the best course of action to replace the failing disk without downtime?

A system administrator needs to mount an ext4 filesystem with the options 'noatime' and 'errors=remount-ro'. Which mount command is correct?

A junior administrator needs to identify the UUID of the ext4 filesystem on /dev/nvme0n1p2 so it can be referenced in /etc/fstab instead of the device path. Which command displays that UUID?

After creating an XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb1, an admin mounts it and writes data. Later, they run 'xfs_info /mnt/data' and see the filesystem was created with default settings. What is the default inode size for XFS on a typical Linux system?

A Linux administrator is configuring a new iSCSI storage target. The server has two network interfaces, eth0 and eth1, and the administrator wants to use multipath I/O (DM-Multipath) for redundancy and increased throughput. Which two steps are required to properly set up DM-Multipath for the iSCSI LUNs? (Choose two.)

A Linux server has a volume group named vg_data that currently contains two physical volumes. The administrator needs to remove /dev/sdb1 from vg_data, but pvremove /dev/sdb1 returns an error stating the physical volume is still in use. Which command should the administrator run FIRST to migrate the extents off /dev/sdb1 onto the remaining physical volume?

A system administrator needs to set up software RAID1 on a server for /data. The available disks are /dev/sdb (500GB) and /dev/sdc (1TB). What is the maximum usable capacity of the RAID1 array?

Which TWO of the following commands can be used to check and repair an ext4 filesystem?

A server uses LVM with volume group vg_data. The logical volume lv_app is mounted at /srv/app and is 200 GiB. The administrator adds a new 500 GiB disk, /dev/sdb, creates a physical volume on it, and extends vg_data with it. They then run lvextend -L +100G /dev/vg_data/lv_app. The filesystem is ext4. Which command must be run next to make the additional space usable without unmounting /srv/app?

A Linux server at a hosting provider uses a software RAID 5 array with three 2 TB disks (sda, sdb, sdc) configured as /dev/md0, hosting a large ext4 filesystem. The server experiences a performance degradation and I/O errors. The administrator checks /proc/mdstat and sees that /dev/sda is marked as failed. The remaining two disks are still active. The administrator has a spare disk /dev/sdd of the same size. The filesystem is sparse and can tolerate downtime. What is the most appropriate course of action to restore the array to a fully functional state with redundancy?

Order the steps to configure a cron job that runs a script every day at 2 AM.

An administrator needs to encrypt a block device (/dev/sdc) using LUKS. Which command creates an encrypted LUKS container on the device?

An administrator has created an LVM thin pool. Which command should be used to create a thin logical volume named 'thinvol' of size 100GB from the thin pool 'pool1' in volume group 'vg1'?

A Linux server uses LVM. The volume group vg_data has 10 GB of free extents. The logical volume /dev/vg_data/lv_app is 20 GB and must be increased by 5 GB while it is mounted and actively used by an application. Which command sequence correctly extends the logical volume and then grows the ext4 filesystem online?

Which command can be used to display the UUID of a filesystem on /dev/sdb1?

A Linux server has a volume group named vg_data that contains a logical volume lv_archive currently formatted with XFS and mounted at /archive. The administrator needs to shrink the logical volume to free space for a new logical volume. Which command sequence correctly reduces the size of lv_archive?

A junior administrator needs to mount an ISO image located at /opt/install.iso to the /mnt/iso directory to access its contents. Which command accomplishes this?

Which of the following commands can be used to display the total, used, and available space for all mounted ext4 filesystems?

Which THREE of the following are valid Linux filesystem types that can be used for root partitions on a modern Linux system?

Which TWO commands can be used to mount a filesystem on /dev/sdb1 to /mnt/data?

A junior administrator has installed a new 4 TB SATA disk as /dev/sdb on a RHEL 9 server and wants to use it as a single XFS filesystem mounted at /data. The disk currently has no partition table. Which command should be run first to create an XFS filesystem directly on the whole device?

A system administrator needs to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 with a reserved block percentage of 2% instead of the default 5%. Which command should be used?

An administrator needs to set the reserved block percentage on an ext4 filesystem to 1% for a non-root filesystem. Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator needs to mount an XFS filesystem with options to optimize for a database workload. Which mount option would reduce metadata updates to improve performance?

A Linux server has a single XFS filesystem mounted at /data on /dev/sdb1. The storage array behind /dev/sdb1 is expanded and the block device is now 2 TB instead of 1 TB. The administrator confirms that the kernel sees the larger device with blockdev --getsize64 /dev/sdb1. Which command should be run to make the additional space usable by the mounted /data filesystem?

An admin notices a PV in a VG has failed. The VG is still accessible with redundancy. Which command sequence should be used to replace the faulty PV with a new one (/dev/sde) while the VG is active and without data loss?

After extending the logical volume, the df output still shows 100G. What is the most likely reason?

An administrator has enabled quotas on the /home filesystem by adding usrquota,grpquota to /etc/fstab and remounting. Then ran quotacheck -cug /home and it completed successfully. However, users are still able to write beyond their assigned soft limits. What step is missing?

An administrator needs to add a 2 GB swap area that persists across reboots on a server with no free partition space, using a file at /swapfile on the root filesystem. After creating the file with fallocate and running mkswap /swapfile, which additional actions are required to activate it now and at every boot?

An administrator is preparing a new server with two unused disks, /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc, for a software RAID 1 array that will hold customer data. Which two commands are required to create the array and make it usable? (Choose two.)

Which two statements are true about LVM snapshots? (Choose two.)

A storage administrator is troubleshooting a system where a new SCSI disk is detected by the kernel but not visible in /dev/disk/by-id/. What is the most likely cause?

An administrator is configuring LVM and wants to display information about physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes. Which two commands provide this information? (Choose two.)

A junior administrator needs to add a new 2 TiB disk, /dev/sdc, to a server and create a single GPT partition that spans the entire disk. The disk currently has no partition table. Which command will create the GPT partition table and the partition in one interactive session?

A large e-commerce platform runs on a database server that uses LVM thin provisioning. The thin pool is overcommitted at 200% (pool size 1TB, thin volumes total 2TB). Suddenly, the database reports write errors and performance degrades drastically. The administrator checks the system and finds that the thin pool is completely full. What is the immediate effect on the thin volumes, and what should the administrator do to restore normal operation without data loss?

A junior administrator needs to mount the XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb1 at /srv/files for the current session only, without creating a persistent entry. Which command accomplishes this?

A system administrator needs to ensure that the /dev/sdb1 filesystem is automatically mounted at /data with the noatime option at boot. The filesystem's UUID is known. Which entry in /etc/fstab is correct?

An administrator wants to see the disk usage of the /var directory in a human-readable format. Which command should be used?

A junior administrator has a USB flash drive at /dev/sdb that will be used exclusively as a data disk on a Linux server. They need to create an XFS filesystem on the whole device (no partitions). Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator is troubleshooting a server with a software RAID 1 array on /dev/md0. One disk, /dev/sdc, has failed and been replaced. The administrator runs `mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdc1` and sees the array rebuilding, but after a reboot the new disk is no longer part of the array. Which action should the administrator take to ensure the replacement disk is automatically reassembled into the array at boot?

An administrator is troubleshooting a server where the root filesystem is on an LVM logical volume. The system fails to boot and drops to an initramfs prompt with the error 'Volume group "vg_root" not found'. The administrator verifies that the physical volumes are present and the volume group exists when booting from a rescue disk. Which action is most likely to resolve the boot issue?

An administrator manages a server with several iSCSI LUNs attached. The server reboots after a kernel update, and one of the LUNs, which previously appeared as /dev/sdc, is now enumerated as /dev/sdd, breaking an /etc/fstab entry that references /dev/sdc. The administrator wants to make the mount configuration resilient to device-name changes and to avoid boot delays if the LUN is temporarily missing. Which two actions should the administrator take? (Choose two.)

A junior administrator needs to identify the filesystem type of the device /dev/nvme0n1p2 on a running Linux server without mounting it or modifying any metadata. Which command should be used?

An administrator needs to add a new swap space to a running Linux server without rebooting. The server has a free partition /dev/sdc1 and an existing file /swapfile. Which two commands or steps are required to activate the new swap partition /dev/sdc1 immediately? (Choose two.)

An administrator needs to add a new 8 GB swap area on a server that already has a 2 GB swap partition. The system has free space in the volume group vg_sys. Which command creates a logical volume named lv_swap of exactly 8 GB and prepares it for swap use?

A storage administrator is preparing a 4 TB USB 3.0 external drive to hold large backup archives. The drive must be usable on Linux, Windows, and macOS workstations, and single files will occasionally exceed 4 GB. Which filesystem should be created on the single partition /dev/sdb1?

A server has a new disk /dev/sdd that must be mounted at /backup and automatically mounted at boot. The administrator creates a GPT partition table, a single partition /dev/sdd1, and an ext4 filesystem. Which /etc/fstab entry correctly uses a persistent identifier for the filesystem?

An administrator is configuring an NFS server and wants to export /srv/data to a specific client, 192.168.10.25, with read-write access, while ensuring that the client's root user is mapped to the anonymous user for security. Which entry should be placed in /etc/exports?

Which THREE steps are required to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdc1 and ensure it is automatically mounted at /mnt/data at boot? (Choose three.)