Storage Management

A storage administrator wants to create a software RAID 10 (1+0) array using six disks. Which mdadm command is appropriate?

A server’s root filesystem on LVM is nearly full. The administrator has added a new 20GB disk and created a physical volume on it. They added the PV to the volume group containing root, then extended the root logical volume by 10GB. Next, they ran resize2fs on the mounted root filesystem. After the resize, the server continues to function. However, upon reboot, the system fails to boot and enters emergency mode. What is the most likely cause?

A system administrator is setting up a high-availability cluster using shared storage. Which filesystem is best suited for this environment where multiple nodes need simultaneous read-write access to the same filesystem?

After adding a new SCSI disk to a server running Linux, the system fails to boot with the error: 'Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs'. The root filesystem is on LVM. What is the most likely cause?

Which TWO of the following are valid ways to mount a filesystem with the 'noexec' option to prevent execution of binaries?

A system administrator is setting up a new backup server. The server has two 4TB disks /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. The administrator decides to create a RAID1 array and then an LVM volume group on top of the RAID device. After creating the RAID1 array /dev/md0, they create a physical volume, volume group named vg_backup, and a logical volume lv_data of size 2TB. Then they format with ext4 and mount at /backup. During testing, they realize that the backup data volume will likely exceed 2TB eventually. They want to expand the filesystem to use all available space in the RAID array. What is the correct procedure?

Refer to the exhibit. Which device is the root filesystem mounted from?

You are a Linux administrator at a mid-sized company. The company runs a critical PostgreSQL database on a server running CentOS 7. The database stores its data on a 500GB logical volume (lv_pgdata) in volume group vg_pg. The filesystem is XFS. Recently, the database team reports that write performance is degrading, and the disk is nearly full (95% usage). You have added a new 200GB SSD to the server, and you need to increase the storage capacity and improve write performance for the database. The database can tolerate a brief downtime (less than 5 minutes) for maintenance. You want to use LVM to add the new SSD as a physical volume, extend the volume group, and then extend the logical volume and filesystem. Additionally, you want to improve write performance by placing the frequently written database transaction log on a separate faster storage. However, the database configuration expects the transaction log to be in a subdirectory of the data directory. You have the following options: A. Create a new logical volume for the transaction log, format it as XFS, mount it on the data directory's subdirectory, and move the log files. B. Add the SSD as a PV, extend vg_pg, extend lv_pgdata, and then use LVM's pvmove to move all extents to the SSD. C. Add the SSD as a PV, create a new VG, create a new LV for the transaction log, format as ext4, mount, and reconfigure the database. D. Use LVM's striping (RAID 0) across the existing HDD and new SSD to improve performance, then extend the filesystem. Which option best meets the requirements of increasing capacity and improving write performance with minimal downtime?

A Linux administrator needs to view the UUID and filesystem type of all block devices. Which command provides this information?

Which THREE of the following are valid methods to mount an NFS filesystem on a client?

An administrator has added a new disk (/dev/sdb) to a Linux system. The disk is to be used as a physical volume in an existing volume group 'vg_data'. Which sequence of commands should be executed to make the disk available to the volume group?

An administrator needs to check the UUID of a filesystem on /dev/sdb1. Which command should be used?

A disk in a RAID5 array fails. The array is assembled using mdadm. Which is the correct procedure to replace the failed disk with a new one?

A system administrator receives a report that a server with an ext4 filesystem becomes unresponsive when a particular process writes a large file. The root filesystem is not full. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Refer to the exhibit. The administrator wants to extend the /data filesystem by an additional 10GB. The volume group vg_data has only 1GB of free physical extents. Which action should be taken first?

An administrator needs to configure software RAID 5 on three disks /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc with a spare disk /dev/sdd. Which command correctly creates the RAID array?

A system administrator needs to identify all available block devices on a Linux server. Which two commands can be used to accomplish this? (Choose two.)

A system administrator notices that a new 500GB SSD (/dev/sdb) is not being recognized by the system after installation. The server uses UEFI and GPT partitioning. Which command should the administrator run first to verify that the disk is detected by the kernel?

Which THREE are valid reasons to use a swap file instead of a swap partition? (Choose three.)

An administrator wants to extend a logical volume named 'lv_data' in volume group 'vg_data' by 5GB. The volume group has free physical extents. Which command should be used?

A Linux administrator needs to create a RAID 5 array using three disks: /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, and /dev/sdd, each 2TB. The administrator wants to ensure the array can be reassembled automatically after a reboot. Which command should be used to create the array?

A company's database server uses LVM for storage. The system administrator notices that the logical volume /dev/vg_db/lv_data is at 95% capacity. The server is in production and cannot be taken offline. The volume group vg_db has free physical extents. Which command sequence should the administrator use to safely increase the size of the logical volume and filesystem without unmounting?

The administrator wants to create a new logical volume of 5GB for /var/log. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step?

An administrator created an LVM snapshot of a logical volume to perform a backup. During the backup, the snapshot runs out of space. What will happen to the original logical volume?

Refer to the exhibit. Which filesystem is mounted using the XFS filesystem type?

Refer to the exhibit. The administrator wants to create a RAID 1 array using /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. Which command should be used?

Match each Linux package management command to its distribution.

An administrator receives a report that a specific directory /var/log is consuming too much disk space. Which command should be used to determine the total disk space used by that directory?

A system administrator receives an alert that disk /dev/sda is predicted to fail soon. The server uses LVM, and /dev/sda is part of a volume group named vg_system. Which of the following is the best course of action to replace the failing disk without downtime?

Which THREE of the following are potential causes for a system failing to boot with 'Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block'?

Which three RAID levels are commonly supported in Linux software RAID? (Choose three.)

A system administrator needs to mount an ext4 filesystem with the options 'noatime' and 'errors=remount-ro'. Which mount command is correct?

Refer to the exhibit. Which mount options are set for the root filesystem?

After creating an XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb1, an admin mounts it and writes data. Later, they run 'xfs_info /mnt/data' and see the filesystem was created with default settings. What is the default inode size for XFS on a typical Linux system?

A system administrator wants to create a RAID 1 array using two whole disks /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc. They plan to use mdadm. Which command creates the array and builds it with two devices?

A system administrator needs to set up software RAID1 on a server for /data. The available disks are /dev/sdb (500GB) and /dev/sdc (1TB). What is the maximum usable capacity of the RAID1 array?

Which TWO of the following commands can be used to check and repair an ext4 filesystem?

A system administrator needs to increase the size of an existing filesystem mounted at /var/www. The filesystem resides on a logical volume /dev/vg_web/lv_web. The volume group has free space. The administrator runs: lvextend -L +5G /dev/vg_web/lv_web, and then resize2fs /dev/vg_web/lv_web. The commands complete without error, but df shows the filesystem size did not change. What is the most likely reason?

A Linux server at a hosting provider uses a software RAID 5 array with three 2 TB disks (sda, sdb, sdc) configured as /dev/md0, hosting a large ext4 filesystem. The server experiences a performance degradation and I/O errors. The administrator checks /proc/mdstat and sees that /dev/sda is marked as failed. The remaining two disks are still active. The administrator has a spare disk /dev/sdd of the same size. The filesystem is sparse and can tolerate downtime. What is the most appropriate course of action to restore the array to a fully functional state with redundancy?

Your company runs a critical database server that uses a 2TB XFS filesystem mounted at /data. The filesystem resides on an LVM logical volume (lv_data) within a volume group (vg_data) that spans four physical volumes (each 600GB SSD). You have been receiving low-space alerts: /data is at 95% capacity. After reviewing usage, you determine that the database will need an additional 500GB within the next month. The server has no additional physical disks available, but there is an unused 1TB SSD in inventory that you can install. However, the server is in production and cannot be rebooted. The system uses a 5.10 Linux kernel. Which of the following is the best approach to increase the available space for /data?

A system administrator needs to mount the boot filesystem on a typical Linux system with MBR partitioning. Which partition should be used?

Order the steps to configure a cron job that runs a script every day at 2 AM.

An administrator needs to encrypt a block device (/dev/sdc) using LUKS. Which command creates an encrypted LUKS container on the device?

A system administrator needs to partition a new 2TB disk using GPT. Which tool should be used?

An administrator has created an LVM thin pool. Which command should be used to create a thin logical volume named 'thinvol' of size 100GB from the thin pool 'pool1' in volume group 'vg1'?

Which command can be used to display the UUID of a filesystem on /dev/sdb1?

A storage administrator notices that a newly created XFS filesystem on a logical volume shows only 90% of the expected capacity. The logical volume is 100GB. What is the most likely cause?

A company's backup script fails with an error indicating 'no space left on device' on an NFS mount. The administrator checks 'df -h' on the NFS client and sees the mount is at 90% usage. However, the NFS server shows the exported filesystem is only 50% full. What is the most likely cause?

Which of the following commands can be used to display the total, used, and available space for all mounted ext4 filesystems?

Which THREE of the following are valid Linux filesystem types that can be used for root partitions on a modern Linux system?

Which TWO commands can be used to mount a filesystem on /dev/sdb1 to /mnt/data?

You are managing a Linux server that hosts a critical application using a 500GB ext4 filesystem on an LVM logical volume. The application writes large log files that are rotated weekly. Recently, the system has been experiencing intermittent performance degradation and occasional 'Input/output error' messages when writing to the log directory. The disk (SSD) is relatively new, and SMART tests report no errors. The filesystem is not full, with 60% usage. You notice that the errors occur more frequently during peak write times. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step to diagnose and resolve the issue?

A system administrator needs to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 with a reserved block percentage of 2% instead of the default 5%. Which command should be used?

A system administrator is tasked with setting up a new 2TB disk for a database server. The database requires high read/write performance and redundancy. The server has a hardware RAID controller, but the administrator wants to use Linux software RAID for flexibility. Which of the following RAID levels should the administrator choose to maximize performance while providing fault tolerance, assuming the disk will be part of a larger array in the future?

An administrator needs to set the reserved block percentage on an ext4 filesystem to 1% for a non-root filesystem. Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator needs to mount an XFS filesystem with options to optimize for a database workload. Which mount option would reduce metadata updates to improve performance?

An admin notices a PV in a VG has failed. The VG is still accessible with redundancy. Which command sequence should be used to replace the faulty PV with a new one (/dev/sde) while the VG is active and without data loss?

After extending the logical volume, the df output still shows 100G. What is the most likely reason?

An administrator has enabled quotas on the /home filesystem by adding usrquota,grpquota to /etc/fstab and remounting. Then ran quotacheck -cug /home and it completed successfully. However, users are still able to write beyond their assigned soft limits. What step is missing?

Refer to the exhibit. An administrator attempts to mount all filesystems using mount -a, but it fails. The error message indicates that UUID=jkl012 is not found. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Which two statements are true about LVM snapshots? (Choose two.)

A storage administrator is troubleshooting a system where a new SCSI disk is detected by the kernel but not visible in /dev/disk/by-id/. What is the most likely cause?

An administrator is configuring LVM and wants to display information about physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes. Which two commands provide this information? (Choose two.)

A system administrator is troubleshooting a server that fails to mount an XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb1 during boot. The filesystem was recently created. Which command should the administrator run to check the filesystem for corruption?

A large e-commerce platform runs on a database server that uses LVM thin provisioning. The thin pool is overcommitted at 200% (pool size 1TB, thin volumes total 2TB). Suddenly, the database reports write errors and performance degrades drastically. The administrator checks the system and finds that the thin pool is completely full. What is the immediate effect on the thin volumes, and what should the administrator do to restore normal operation without data loss?

Which TWO commands can display disk space usage of mounted filesystems? (Choose two.)

Which TWO commands should the administrator run to identify and fix the duplicate PV?

An administrator wants to see the disk usage of the /var directory in a human-readable format. Which command should be used?

After adding a new disk and creating an ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdc1 with mke2fs, the administrator added an entry to /etc/fstab to mount it at /data. However, after reboot, the filesystem is not mounted. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A sysadmin is troubleshooting an issue where a software RAID1 array fails to assemble after a reboot. The array was created with mdadm using /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. The administrator checks /proc/mdstat but the array is not present. They attempt to assemble manually with mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1, but it requires a repair. After repair, the array works. To prevent this from happening again, what should the administrator do?

An administrator is troubleshooting a server that cannot mount an XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb1. The command mount /dev/sdb1 /data fails with 'wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock'. Which three commands can help diagnose the issue? (Choose three.)

Which two commands can be used to create an ext4 filesystem on a Linux block device? (Choose two.)

An administrator wants to ensure that a specific LVM logical volume is automatically resized when the underlying physical volume is extended. Which steps are required?

A database server is running out of space in its /var/lib/mysql directory. The system admin wants to add a new 100GB disk to increase storage. Which of the following steps should be performed to mount the new filesystem at /var/lib/mysql without data loss?

Which command displays the UUID of all filesystems on the system?

An administrator receives an alert that the /var/log partition is 95% full. The partition is an LVM logical volume. The volume group has available free extents. Which of the following is the most efficient method to increase the size of the filesystem to 120GB (from current 100GB) without unmounting it?

Which THREE steps are required to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdc1 and ensure it is automatically mounted at /mnt/data at boot? (Choose three.)