System Management

A Linux administrator needs to locate all files in the /var directory that have been modified within the last 30 minutes and are larger than 10MB. Which command accomplishes this task?

A user reports that a script in /home/user/script.sh fails to execute. The output of 'ls -l script.sh' is '-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 1024 Apr 1 10:00 script.sh'. Which command should be used to make the script executable for all users?

A system administrator needs to set the umask so that newly created files have permissions of 644 and directories have permissions of 755. Which umask value should be set?

An administrator wants to grant a specific user, 'jdoe', read and write access to a file that is owned by root:root with permissions 640. The administrator does not want to change the file's owner or group. Which approach should be used?

A user needs to view the first 15 lines of a large log file. Which command is most appropriate?

A Linux administrator wants to search for all occurrences of the word 'ERROR' in log files under /var/log, ignoring case, and also print the line numbers. Which command should be used?

An administrator needs to replace all occurrences of 'oldhost' with 'newhost' in the configuration file /etc/hosts. Which command will perform the replacement and save the changes directly to the file?

A process with PID 2345 is not responding. The administrator wants to force stop the process immediately. Which command should be used?

A service called 'myapp' fails to start automatically after a system reboot. The administrator wants to ensure the service starts at boot. Which systemctl command should be used?

Which directory in the Linux filesystem contains essential user command binaries that are needed for booting and repairing the system?

An administrator needs to view the last 20 lines of the systemd journal for the 'sshd' service. Which command should be used?

A system administrator needs to install a package from a local RPM file without resolving dependencies automatically. Which command should be used?

A Linux administrator needs to display the amount of disk space used by each mounted filesystem. Which two commands can be used? (Choose two.)

An administrator wants to change the runlevel/target to a state where only a minimal set of processes is running, and network services are disabled. Which two systemd targets achieve this? (Choose two.)

A user wants to create a hard link to a file. Which three conditions must be true for a hard link to be created successfully? (Choose three.)

A Linux administrator needs to view the last 10 lines of a log file named 'syslog'. Which command should be used?

A technician notices a script fails to execute because the user does not have permission. The script currently has permissions 644. The technician needs to add execute permission for the owner only. Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator wants to find all files in /var/log that have been modified within the last 2 days and have a .log extension. Which command should be used?

A system administrator wants to ensure a service starts automatically at boot and also starts immediately without rebooting. Which of the following systemctl commands or command combinations achieve both goals? (Choose all that apply.)

Which command displays the disk usage of files and directories in a human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB)?

A user reports that they cannot access a file because permission is denied. The file's permissions are -rwsr-xr-x. What special permission is set?

An administrator needs to replace all occurrences of 'oldhost' with 'newhost' in the file /etc/hosts. Which sed command should be used?

A Linux engineer is troubleshooting a boot issue. The system boots to a command-line interface but does not start the graphical interface. Which systemd target should be set as default to boot into a graphical environment?

Which command is used to create a symbolic link named 'link' pointing to the file 'original'?

A technician needs to kill a process with PID 1234 that is not responding to normal termination. Which command sends SIGKILL?

An administrator wants to list all files in the current directory that are larger than 1 MB. Which find commands are correct? (Choose two.)

Which command displays the number of lines, words, and characters in a file?

A Linux administrator needs to add an ACL entry to grant read permission to a user named 'jdoe' on a file. Which TWO commands can be used to achieve this? (Select TWO).

A system administrator is working with compressed files. Which THREE commands can be used to view their contents? (Select THREE).

A Linux administrator wants to search for the pattern 'ERROR' in all files under /var/log, ignoring case, and display line numbers. Which THREE options should be used with the grep command? (Select THREE).

Which command is used to display the current process hierarchy in a tree format?

A Linux administrator needs to find all files in /var/log that have been modified within the last 7 days and are larger than 10 MB. Which find command accomplishes this?

Given an ACL entry 'u:john:rwx' on a file, which command would remove only the ACL entry for user john without affecting other ACL entries?

A system administrator wants to change the priority of a running process with PID 1234 to a lower priority (higher nice value). Which command should be used?

Which of the following directories is defined by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) as containing essential user command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode?

An administrator needs to find the line number of the first occurrence of the string 'ERROR' in a log file, ignoring case. Which command is most appropriate?

A technician is troubleshooting a service that fails to start at boot. Which systemctl command should be used to ensure the service starts automatically on subsequent boots?

A file has permissions rwxr-x--- and is owned by user alice and group devs. Which command would add the SUID bit while preserving existing permissions?

Which command is used to display the contents of the systemd journal for a specific unit?

An administrator needs to replace all occurrences of '192.168.1.1' with '10.0.0.1' in a configuration file named config.txt. Which sed command should be used to perform an in-place edit?

A technician wants to create a symbolic link in /usr/local/bin that points to /opt/myapp/bin/start.sh. The technician has write permissions to /usr/local/bin. Which command should be used?

Which command would display the disk usage of each file and directory in /home in a human-readable format, but only showing one level deep?

A Linux administrator needs to locate all files in the /etc directory that have been modified in the last 24 hours and are not owned by root. Which two commands can be combined to achieve this? (Select TWO.)

An administrator suspects that a malicious process is running and wants to list all processes, including those without a controlling terminal, and see their full command line. Which two commands can provide this information? (Select TWO.)

Which three directories are required by the FHS to be present on a Linux system? (Select THREE.)

A Linux administrator needs to locate all files in the /var/log directory that have been modified within the last 2 days and contain the word 'error' (case-insensitive). Which command accomplishes this?

A system administrator is troubleshooting a service that fails to start at boot. The system uses systemd. Which of the following commands would the administrator use to check the service's status and view its recent log entries?

A user wants to change the permissions of a file to give the owner full control, the group read and execute, and others no access. Which of the following chmod commands will achieve this?

An administrator needs to add an ACL entry to a file that grants the user 'john' read and write permissions. The file currently has no ACLs. Which command should the administrator use?

Which of the following directories in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) contains variable data files such as logs, spool files, and temporary files that persist across reboots?

A system administrator wants to view the last 10 lines of a log file and also save those lines to another file for analysis. Which command should the administrator use?

During the boot process, after the kernel is loaded and the initramfs is executed, which component is responsible for starting the user-space services and managing the system state?

A Linux administrator needs to remove a package installed via RPM and all its configuration files. Which command should the administrator use?

Which command displays the amount of disk space used and available on mounted filesystems in a human-readable format (e.g., GB, MB)?

A process is running with a nice value of 5. The system administrator wants to increase its priority (lower the nice value) to -5 but is not the owner of the process. What must the administrator do first to achieve this?

An administrator wants to replace all occurrences of 'oldstring' with 'newstring' in a configuration file named config.cfg, and save the changes. Which sed command should be used?

A Linux administrator needs to identify which of the following filesystems are journaling filesystems commonly used in Linux. (Choose three.)

A user has a file with permissions set to 644. Which of the following commands will add the setuid permission to the file? (Choose two.)

Which of the following commands can be used to display the contents of a file one page at a time? (Choose two.)

A Linux administrator needs to locate all files in /var/log that were modified more than 7 days ago. Which command should be used?

A user wants to create a hard link named 'linkfile' to an existing file 'original'. Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator notices that a service named 'httpd' is not running. They want to check its current status and, if inactive, start it. Which set of systemctl commands should be used?

A file has permissions set to 2755. Which special permission is enabled, and what does it do?

Which command displays the amount of free and used disk space on all mounted file systems in a human-readable format?

An administrator wants to change the default systemd target to multi-user.target so the system boots to a text console. Which command should be used?

A technician needs to search a log file for lines containing either 'ERROR' or 'FATAL' and display the line numbers. Which command accomplishes this?

A system administrator runs 'umask 027' in a Bash shell. What will be the default permissions for a new directory created in that shell? (Assume no other umask changes.)

After making changes to /etc/grub.d/ and /etc/default/grub, an administrator needs to regenerate the GRUB2 configuration file. Which command should be used?

A process is consuming excessive CPU and needs to be terminated immediately. The PID is 1234. Which command will terminate the process with the most forceful signal?

An administrator wants to display only the second field from a colon-delimited file named 'passwd' using a text processing tool. Which command will achieve this?

Which directory in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) contains essential user commands available to all users, such as 'ls' and 'cp'?

A Linux administrator needs to view real-time information about running processes, including CPU and memory usage. Which TWO commands can be used for this purpose? (Choose two.)

A technician is troubleshooting a service that fails to start. The service file is located in /usr/lib/systemd/system. Which THREE commands can be used to investigate the service's status and logs? (Choose three.)

A Linux administrator needs to change the permissions of a file to be readable and writable by the owner, readable by the group, and no access for others. Which command accomplishes this?

A system administrator wants to find all files in /var/log that have been modified in the last 7 days and are larger than 100MB. Which command should be used?

A developer wants to grant a user named 'john' read and write permissions to a file, but the file currently has an ACL that gives 'jane' full control. The administrator wants to add an ACL entry for 'john' without modifying existing entries. Which command accomplishes this?

Which of the following commands will display the last 10 lines of a log file and also output new lines as they are appended?

A user wants to run a command that will continue running even after the user logs out. Which command should be used?

Which directory in the FHS contains essential user command binaries that are needed in single-user mode?

An administrator needs to permanently mount an ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 to the /data directory. Which file must be edited to ensure the mount persists across reboots?

A system running systemd is failing to boot properly. The administrator wants to boot into an environment with only the essential services for troubleshooting. Which systemd target should be selected at boot?

Which command is used to query the status of a service managed by systemd?

An administrator wants to change the priority of a running process with PID 1234 to a lower priority (nicer). The current nice value is 0. Which command will set the nice value to 10?

A developer creates a hard link to a file and then deletes the original file. What happens to the hard link?

Which command will display the disk usage of each directory in the current directory, in human-readable format?

A system administrator needs to remove all files in /tmp that have not been accessed in the last 30 days and are not owned by root. Which two commands, combined, could be used to accomplish this? (Select TWO).

An administrator wants to view the contents of a compressed log file /var/log/syslog.2.gz without decompressing it to disk. Which two commands can be used to display the file contents? (Select TWO).

A security analyst wants to identify all lines in a log file that contain either 'ERROR' or 'WARNING' and also contain 'timeout'. Which three commands can be used to achieve this? (Select THREE).

A Linux administrator needs to change the permissions of a file to allow the owner to read and write, the group to read only, and others to have no access. Which chmod command should be used?

Which command is used to display the contents of a compressed log file without decompressing it?

A technician wants to find all files owned by user 'jane' in the /home directory. Which command accomplishes this?

An administrator needs to find all files in /var/log that have been modified within the last 2 days. Which find command should be used?

A system administrator wants to ensure that a service starts automatically at boot time using systemd. Which command should be used?

A user reports that a specific process is consuming too much CPU. The administrator needs to change the priority of the process to a lower value (nicer). Which command sequence is appropriate?

An administrator wants to list all USB storage devices attached to the system. Which command provides this information?

An administrator wants to view the last 20 lines of a log file and continue to watch for new entries. Which command should be used?

A user wants to create a symbolic link to a file named 'original' in their home directory. Which command creates a symbolic link named 'link'?

An administrator needs to find all files in /etc that have the SUID bit set. Which find command is correct?

An administrator is troubleshooting a boot issue. The system boots to a console with limited functionality. Which systemd target should be used to bring up the system with network and multi-user support?

A Linux administrator wants to limit the disk space used by the /var/log directory. Which tool can be used to set disk usage quotas for a filesystem?

An administrator wants to monitor real-time system resource usage to identify performance bottlenecks. Which two commands are suitable? (Choose two.)

A system administrator is configuring a new disk partition for a database server. The disk has been partitioned as /dev/sdb1. Which three steps are necessary to make the filesystem available for use? (Choose three.)

Which command would a Linux administrator use to locate all files in the /var/log directory that have been modified within the last 7 days?

A Linux administrator wants to change the permissions of a file to allow the owner to read, write, and execute; the group to read and execute; and others to read only. Which chmod command should be used?

Which command displays the current umask value in symbolic mode?

A system administrator needs to find all files in the /etc directory that are larger than 1 MB and are regular files. Which find command accomplishes this?

An administrator wants to display the last 20 lines of a log file and also write those lines to a file called recent.log. Which command should be used?

A developer wants to change all occurrences of 'foo' to 'bar' in a configuration file and save the changes in-place. Which sed command should be used?

A system administrator notices that a process with PID 1234 is consuming excessive CPU. The administrator wants to terminate this process gracefully. Which command should be used?

An administrator wants to start a long-running script in the background so that it continues running even after logging out. Which command should be used?

A Linux server is booting but stops at a prompt with the message 'Give root password for maintenance'. Which systemd target is the system likely trying to reach?

An administrator is troubleshooting a service that fails to start. The administrator wants to view the last 50 lines of the service's journal log entries from the current boot. Which journalctl command should be used?

An administrator needs to apply a set of permissions to an existing directory and all its contents, setting the owner to 'rwx', group to 'rx', and others to '---'. Additionally, newly created files within the directory should inherit the group. Which commands should the administrator run? (Assume the directory is /data, and the group is 'staff'.)

A technician needs to create a new ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 and mount it persistently at /mnt/data. Which set of commands accomplishes this?

A system administrator wants to display a list of all currently running processes, including those of other users, with full command lines. Which TWO commands can achieve this? (Select TWO.)

An administrator needs to update the package cache and upgrade all installed packages on a Debian-based system. Which TWO commands are appropriate for this task? (Select TWO.)

A technician needs to remove all files in /tmp that are owned by the user 'jdoe' and have not been accessed in 10 days. Which THREE commands or options would be part of a correct solution? (Select THREE.)

A Linux administrator needs to view the contents of a compressed log file without decompressing it. Which command should be used?

An administrator runs the command `ls -l file.txt` and sees the permissions `-rwsr-xr-x`. What special permission is set on this file?

A system administrator wants to find all files in /var/log that have been modified in the last 7 days and are larger than 10MB, then delete them interactively. Which command accomplishes this?

Which directory in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) contains variable data such as logs and spool files?

An administrator needs to give a user read and write access to a file without changing the file's group or adding the user to any group. Which method should be used?

A technician needs to replace all occurrences of '192.168.1.' with '10.0.0.' in the file /etc/network/interfaces and save the changes. Which command accomplishes this?

A process is consuming excessive CPU and needs to be stopped immediately. The process ID is 4582. Which command should be used?

Which command displays real-time information about running processes, including CPU and memory usage, and updates the display dynamically?

An administrator wants to ensure a service starts automatically at boot on a systemd-based system. Which command should be used?

A technician needs to check which package provides the file /usr/bin/foo on a CentOS 8 system. Which command should be used?

During boot, the system stops at a shell with limited functionality. The administrator suspects the root filesystem is corrupted. Which target should the system be booted into to perform recovery?

Which command creates a symbolic link named 'link.txt' that points to 'original.txt'?

A technician needs to find all files in /home that have the SUID or SGID permission set. Which THREE commands can accomplish this? (Choose three.)

An administrator wants to gather information about disk usage for a specific directory and its subdirectories. Which TWO commands can be used for this purpose? (Choose two.)

A Linux system has a directory with permissions drwxr-xr-x. A user in the group 'dev' tries to create a new file inside this directory. Which permission is missing that prevents the user from creating the file?

An administrator wants to find all files larger than 100MB in the /var directory. Which command should be used?

A system administrator runs the command 'chmod 4755 /usr/local/bin/backup'. What effect does this have on the file?

A technician needs to replace the string 'old_config' with 'new_config' in the file /etc/app.conf and save the changes in place. Which sed command accomplishes this?

Which command displays the current default umask value for a user?

A Linux system fails to boot, and the administrator wants to access a minimal environment to repair the system. Which systemd target should be specified in the kernel command line to achieve this?

An administrator runs 'rpm -V httpd' and sees output like 'S.5....T. /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf'. What does this indicate?

A system administrator needs to monitor real-time process information and system resource usage. Which two commands can be used for this purpose? (Choose two.)

An administrator wants to locate files that have the SUID or SGID special permission set. Which three find commands can accomplish this? (Choose three.)

A technician needs to apply an access control list (ACL) to a file to grant read and write permissions to a specific user. Which two commands are used to manage ACLs? (Choose two.)

A user wants to view the contents of a text file one page at a time. Which two commands can be used? (Choose two.)

An administrator needs to permanently disable a systemd service from starting at boot. Which two commands can achieve this? (Choose two.)

A system administrator is investigating a performance issue and wants to view kernel-related messages. Which three commands can be used to access kernel ring buffer messages? (Choose three.)

An administrator needs to create a hard link to an existing file. Which two statements are true about hard links? (Choose two.)

A technician wants to extract the third column of a tab-separated file and sort the output uniquely. Which three commands can be combined using pipes to achieve this? (Choose three.)

A Linux administrator is investigating a performance issue on a server. The administrator needs to identify which processes are consuming the most CPU and memory, and then adjust their priority. Which TWO commands should the administrator use to accomplish this? (Choose TWO.)

A system administrator needs to locate all regular files in /var/log that have been modified within the last 7 days and have a size greater than 10 MB. The administrator then needs to compress these files using gzip. Which THREE commands or options should be used together to accomplish this? (Choose THREE.)

A Linux administrator is configuring file permissions for a shared directory used by a development team. The administrator wants to ensure that any new files created in the directory inherit the group ownership of the directory and that the group has read and write permissions on those files. Which TWO actions should the administrator take? (Choose TWO.)