CISSP Exam Simulation — 100 Questions

Question 1

A company recently suffered a data breach where an attacker was able to intercept network traffic and read sensitive data. Which network security control should be implemented to prevent this type of attack?

Accepted Answer

Encryption at the network layer (e.g., IPsec). IPsec operates at the network layer (Layer 3) and provides encryption of the entire IP packet, including the payload, ensuring that even if an attacker intercepts the traffic, the data remains unreadable. This directly addresses the scenario where an attacker reads sensitive data from intercepted network traffic, as IPsec can be configured in transport mode for end-to-end encryption or tunnel mode for VPNs.

Answer

Network segmentation

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Intrusion prevention system (IPS)

Answer

Strong password policies

Question 2

Which TWO options are valid methods for providing confidentiality in network communications? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

ESP in transport mode. ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) in transport mode provides confidentiality by encrypting the payload of an IP packet while leaving the original IP header intact. This is a core function of IPsec, where ESP can optionally include authentication but its primary role is encryption, making it a valid method for ensuring data confidentiality in network communications.

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SSH

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HMAC

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AH in tunnel mode

Question 3

A network administrator is configuring switches to prevent VLAN hopping attacks. Which TWO of the following measures should be implemented?

Accepted Answer

Set the native VLAN to an unused VLAN.. Setting the native VLAN to an unused VLAN prevents VLAN hopping via double-tagging attacks. In a double-tagging attack, an attacker sends frames with two 802.1Q tags; the first tag is stripped by the trunk's native VLAN, and the second tag allows the frame to hop to a different VLAN. By using an unused VLAN as the native VLAN, there are no hosts on that VLAN to receive or exploit the double-tagged traffic.

Answer

Use private VLANs on all trunk ports.

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Enable BPDU guard on all access ports.

Answer

Implement port security on all access ports.

Question 4

Which THREE of the following are common indicators of a privilege escalation attack? (Choose three.)

Accepted Answer

Creation of new user accounts with administrative privileges. Option A is correct because the creation of new user accounts with administrative privileges is a classic post-exploitation technique used by attackers to establish persistent elevated access. After successfully exploiting a vulnerability to gain initial elevated privileges, an attacker often creates a backdoor account (e.g., via `net user /add` and `net localgroup Administrators /add` on Windows, or `useradd -G wheel` on Linux) to maintain control even if the original exploit vector is patched. This indicator is directly tied to privilege escalation as it demonstrates an unauthorized elevation from a lower-privileged context to full administrative control.

Answer

Higher-than-normal network traffic

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System performance degradation

Question 5

A company uses a cloud storage service. Which asset security control is most important to prevent unauthorized access to data?

Accepted Answer

Encryption in transit and at rest. Encryption in transit (e.g., TLS 1.3) and at rest (e.g., AES-256) is the most important asset security control because it renders data unreadable even if the cloud storage service is compromised or an attacker gains access to the underlying infrastructure. Without encryption, all other controls (logging, reviews, scanning) are reactive and cannot prevent a direct breach of the stored data. This aligns with the CISSP principle of defense in depth, where encryption provides a strong preventive layer for data confidentiality.

Answer

Logging and monitoring

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Periodic access reviews

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Regular vulnerability scanning

Question 6

A multinational corporation is designing a data retention schedule. Which factor is most critical when determining retention periods for personal data subject to the GDPR?

Accepted Answer

The purpose for which the data was collected. Under the GDPR, Article 5(1)(e) establishes the 'storage limitation' principle, which mandates that personal data must be kept no longer than necessary for the purposes for which it was collected. Therefore, the purpose of collection is the primary driver for determining the retention period, as it defines the lawful basis and necessity for processing. Without a defined purpose, any retention period would be arbitrary and non-compliant with the regulation.

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The length of the third-party data processing agreement

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The cost of storage media

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The duration of any pending legal holds

Question 7

Refer to the exhibit. An organization uses this ACL on the external interface of a border router to control access to internal services. A security analyst discovered that an attacker from the Internet was able to SSH into the internal server at 192.168.1.100. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for this security gap?

Accepted Answer

The ACL permits SSH from any source in 10.0.0.0/8 to the internal host, allowing an external attacker to spoof an internal IP. Option C is correct because the ACL permits SSH (TCP port 22) from any source within the 10.0.0.0/8 range to the internal host 192.168.1.100. Since 10.0.0.0/8 is a private RFC 1918 address space, an external attacker can spoof a source IP in that range, bypassing the intended restriction that only internal hosts should use those addresses. The ACL does not validate the source IP's legitimacy, so a spoofed packet from the Internet matching the permit rule will be allowed through.

Answer

The final permit ip any any rule allows all traffic, bypassing the other rules

Answer

The ACL permits HTTP traffic to host 10.0.0.1 which could be used as a pivot

Answer

The ACL is applied inbound on the external interface, so it should block all external traffic, but the permit rules override

Question 8

Refer to the exhibit. An IAM policy is attached to a user. What is the effective permission when the user attempts to read the object 'confidential/report.pdf'?

Accepted Answer

Denied because the Deny statement explicitly denies all actions on that path. The correct answer is A because IAM policies evaluate explicit Deny statements before any Allow statements. Since the Deny statement explicitly denies all actions on the 'confidential/report.pdf' path, the user's GetObject request is denied regardless of any broader Allow statements. This is a fundamental principle of AWS IAM policy evaluation logic: an explicit Deny overrides all Allow permissions.

Answer

Allowed because the resource match is broader in the Allow

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Allowed because the Allow statement grants GetObject

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Denied only if the user has no other Allow policies

Question 9

Which TWO of the following are considered the primary access control models in the context of the CISSP? (Select two.)

Accepted Answer

Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is a primary access control model where access decisions are based on fixed security labels (e.g., classification levels like Top Secret, Secret, Confidential) assigned to subjects and objects by a central authority. The system enforces these labels, and users cannot override them, making it a core model for high-security environments such as military or government systems. In the CISSP context, MAC and DAC are traditionally considered the two foundational models, with RBAC and ABAC often treated as extensions or implementations of DAC.

Answer

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

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Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

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Risk-Based Access Control

Question 10

A security analyst is reviewing an organization's password policy. Which THREE of the following are considered best practices for password security according to current NIST guidelines? (Select three.)

Accepted Answer

Enforce password history of 10. Option A is correct because NIST SP 800-63B recommends enforcing a password history to prevent users from reusing recent passwords, with a typical value of 10-24 previous passwords. This reduces the risk of password recycling attacks where compromised credentials are reused. Option D is correct because multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a core NIST recommendation to add an additional layer of security beyond passwords, mitigating credential theft. Option E is correct because NIST now advises a minimum password length of 8 characters (or more) as a primary defense against brute-force attacks, rather than relying on complexity rules.

Answer

Require password changes every 30 days

Answer

Allow password hints

Question 11

A network engineer is configuring 802.1X authentication for wired network access. The authentication server supports EAP-TLS. What must be deployed to clients to support this authentication method?

Accepted Answer

Client certificate. EAP-TLS requires mutual authentication using digital certificates on both the client and the server. The client must present a certificate to prove its identity to the authentication server, which is validated against a trusted root CA. Without a client certificate, EAP-TLS cannot establish the TLS tunnel, as it relies on certificate-based client authentication per RFC 5216.

Answer

Server certificate

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RADIUS server

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Shared secret

Question 12

Which TWO of the following are common causes of network performance degradation that can be detected by network monitoring tools?

Accepted Answer

Duplex mismatch on a link. Duplex mismatch occurs when one end of an Ethernet link is configured for full-duplex and the other for half-duplex, causing frame collisions, CRC errors, and severe performance degradation. Network monitoring tools detect this through interface error counters (e.g., runts, FCS errors, late collisions) and can alert on excessive errors. This is a common physical-layer issue that directly impacts throughput and latency.

Answer

Incorrect default gateway

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High CPU utilization on routers

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DNS misconfiguration

Question 13

Which TWO are common techniques to defend against VLAN hopping attacks? (Choose two.)

Accepted Answer

Disable DTP. Disabling Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) on all switch ports prevents interfaces from automatically negotiating trunk links, which is the primary vector for VLAN hopping attacks. By setting ports to 'switchport mode access' and disabling DTP with 'switchport nonegotiate', an attacker cannot trick the switch into forming a trunk and gain access to traffic from multiple VLANs.

Answer

Enable BPDU Guard

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Use Private VLANs

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Enable Port Security

Question 14

An organization is implementing IPsec VPN tunnels between multiple branch offices and the main office. The security team notices that the VPN tunnels are established successfully but no traffic passes through. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Incorrect routing entries in the VPN routing table. When IPsec VPN tunnels are established (IKE Phase 1 and Phase 2 complete) but no traffic passes, the most common cause is incorrect routing entries in the VPN routing table. The tunnel may be up, but if the branch office does not have a route pointing the destination subnet to the tunnel interface (e.g., a static route or policy-based route), packets will be sent out the physical interface unencrypted or dropped. This is distinct from authentication or encryption mismatches, which would prevent tunnel establishment entirely.

Answer

Certificates expired

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Mismatched encryption algorithm

Answer

Mismatched IKE version

Question 15

Refer to the exhibit. A security team is reviewing switch configurations and notices that the native VLAN is set to VLAN 10. An attacker on an access port in VLAN 10 sends a frame with a VLAN tag of VLAN 20 inside another frame. Which type of attack does this configuration make possible?

Accepted Answer

VLAN hopping via double tagging. The configuration with native VLAN 10 allows an attacker on an access port in VLAN 10 to craft a frame with an outer 802.1Q tag for VLAN 20 and an inner tag for VLAN 10. When the switch receives this frame on a trunk port, it strips the outer tag (native VLAN) and forwards the inner tag, causing the frame to hop into VLAN 20. This is the classic VLAN hopping via double tagging attack, exploiting the native VLAN behavior.

Answer

DHCP starvation

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ARP spoofing

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MAC flooding

Question 16

A security engineer is troubleshooting a site-to-site IPsec VPN between two firewalls. The tunnel status shows Phase 1 is up but Phase 2 is not. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Mismatched proxy IDs (traffic selectors). Phase 1 (IKE SA) establishes a secure channel for key exchange, while Phase 2 (IPsec SA) negotiates the specific traffic to be encrypted. If Phase 1 is up but Phase 2 fails, the most common cause is a mismatch in proxy IDs (traffic selectors), such as local/remote subnets or ports, which prevents the two peers from agreeing on which traffic to protect. This is distinct from authentication or encryption mismatches, which would typically cause Phase 1 to fail.

Answer

Incorrect pre-shared key

Answer

Mismatched authentication algorithm

Answer

Firewall rule blocking IKE traffic

Question 17

A switch port is configured with port security that allows only one MAC address. The help desk reports that a user's device cannot connect after a laptop is replaced. What should the network administrator do to resolve the issue?

Accepted Answer

Clear the port security counters. When port security is configured to allow only one MAC address and a laptop is replaced, the new MAC address is automatically blocked because the switch has already learned and secured the old MAC address. Clearing the port security counters (e.g., using `clear port-security sticky` or `clear port-security dynamic`) resets the learned MAC address, allowing the switch to learn the new device's MAC address on the next link-up. This is the standard remediation without disabling security or causing unnecessary downtime.

Answer

Disable port security

Answer

Shut down the port and re-enable

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Change the port security to sticky MAC

Question 18

A company has multiple offices connected via a WAN. They want to ensure that all traffic between offices is encrypted and authenticated. Which technology is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

IPsec VPN. IPsec VPN is the most appropriate technology because it operates at the network layer (Layer 3) and provides both encryption and authentication for all IP traffic between sites over an untrusted WAN. It uses protocols such as ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) for confidentiality and AH (Authentication Header) or ESP for integrity and authentication, ensuring that all inter-office traffic is protected in transit.

Answer

MPLS

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DMVPN

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SSL VPN

Question 19

In a software-defined network (SDN) architecture, the control plane is separated from the data plane. A network administrator is troubleshooting packet forwarding delays. Which plane is directly responsible for forwarding packets?

Accepted Answer

Data plane. In SDN, the data plane (also called the forwarding plane) is directly responsible for forwarding packets based on flow table entries installed by the controller. It handles per-packet operations like looking up destination addresses, applying actions (e.g., output to port, drop, modify header), and forwarding at line rate. Packet forwarding delays are typically caused by data plane issues such as flow table misses, hardware forwarding pipeline congestion, or inefficient TCAM lookups.

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Application plane

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Control plane

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Management plane

Question 20

A security engineer notices that the IKE phase 1 lifetime is set to 3600 seconds. What is a potential security implication?

Accepted Answer

Short lifetimes may cause frequent reauthentication and potential disruption. IKE phase 1 establishes a secure authenticated channel for subsequent IKE phase 2 negotiations. A lifetime of 3600 seconds (1 hour) is relatively short, causing frequent reauthentication. This can lead to service disruption if the rekeying process fails or if the VPN peers experience transient network issues, potentially dropping active tunnels and impacting production traffic.

Answer

Longer lifetimes reduce rekeying overhead

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Shorter lifetimes increase performance

Answer

The lifetime should be at least 86400 seconds