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← Kubernetes Fundamentals practice sets

KCNA Kubernetes Fundamentals • Complete Question Bank

KCNA Kubernetes Fundamentals — All Questions With Answers

Complete KCNA Kubernetes Fundamentals question bank — all 0 questions with answers and detailed explanations.

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Certifications/KCNA/Practice Test/Kubernetes Fundamentals/All Questions
Question 1mediummultiple choice
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A developer deploys a pod that continuously restarts. 'kubectl describe pod' shows the container exits with code 137. What is the most likely cause?

Question 2hardmultiple choice
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An application requires a unique identifier per replica, stored in an environment variable. Which Kubernetes resource should be used to inject this identifier into each pod without manual updates?

Question 3easymultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. 'kubectl describe pod' shows '0/4 nodes are available: 4 node(s) had taint {node.kubernetes.io/unreachable: }, that the pod didn't tolerate.' What is the most likely cause?

Question 4mediummultiple choice
Read the full NAT/PAT explanation →

A team wants to minimize downtime during a Deployment rollout. Which strategy ensures that new pods are created before old pods are terminated?

Question 5hardmultiple choice
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A pod in a ReplicaSet is failing with 'CrashLoopBackOff'. 'kubectl logs pod' shows 'Error: listen tcp :8080: bind: address already in use'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 6mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid ways to expose a set of pods as a network service within a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 7hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are required for a Kubernetes pod to be considered healthy and ready to serve traffic?

Question 8mediummultiple choice
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A team notices that a pod remains in 'CrashLoopBackOff' state after deployment. The application logs show 'Error: unable to bind to port 8080'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 9hardmultiple choice
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A DevOps engineer wants to ensure that a critical application pod is rescheduled on a different node if its current node fails. The pod should be scheduled with a preference for nodes in a specific availability zone but can run elsewhere if needed. Which scheduling mechanism should be used?

Question 10easymultiple choice
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A developer creates a pod that needs to securely access a database password stored in the cluster. Which Kubernetes resource should be used to inject the password as an environment variable?

Question 11mediummultiple choice
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An administrator runs 'kubectl get pods' and sees that a pod is in 'Pending' state. 'kubectl describe pod' shows the event: '0/4 nodes are available: 1 node had taints that the pod didn't tolerate, 3 nodes had insufficient memory'. What is the most likely issue?

Question 12hardmultiple choice
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A cluster has a node with the taint 'node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule'. A pod must be scheduled on this node for a special workload. Which action is required?

Question 13mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about Kubernetes namespaces are true?

Question 14hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to expose a set of pods as a network service in Kubernetes?

Question 15mediummultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A pod is created with the above manifest. The container runs nginx listening on port 80, but the liveness probe is configured to check port 8080. What will happen?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: web-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: web
    image: nginx:1.21
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        path: /healthz
        port: 8080
      initialDelaySeconds: 3
      periodSeconds: 5
```
Question 16hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. A pod 'my-pod' shows repeated 'BackOff' events after the container starts. Which is the most likely cause?

Network Topology
$ kubectl get eventsfield-selector involvedObject.name=my-podRefer to the exhibit.```
Question 17mediummultiple choice
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A development team deploys a microservice that crashes every few minutes. The deployment uses a single replica, and the pod restarts repeatedly. Which Kubernetes feature should be enabled to ensure the service remains available during failures?

Question 18easymultiple choice
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A DevOps engineer needs to expose a set of pods running an HTTP API to external clients. The pods are stateless and should be load-balanced. Which Kubernetes resource should they use?

Question 19hardmultiple choice
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An administrator notices that a pod in a Deployment is stuck in CrashLoopBackOff. The pod logs show 'Error: failed to start container: exec: "app": executable file not found in $PATH'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 20mediummultiple choice
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A team uses a Deployment with 3 replicas and a RollingUpdate strategy. They update the container image. During the update, one of the new pods fails to start. What will happen by default?

Question 21easymultiple choice
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A company wants to ensure that a database pod runs on a node with SSD storage. How should this be achieved?

Question 22mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about Kubernetes Services are correct?

Question 23hardmulti select
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Which THREE are valid ways to provide configuration data to a pod in Kubernetes?

Question 24hardmultiple choice
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A StatefulSet named 'web' with 3 replicas is deployed in the 'production' namespace. The first two pods are running, but the third pod 'web-2' is pending with the error shown. What is the most likely cause?

Exhibit

Refer to the exhibit.

```
$ kubectl get pods -n production
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
web-0                    1/1     Running   0          5m
web-1                    1/1     Running   0          5m
web-2                    0/1     Pending   0          5m

$ kubectl describe pod web-2 -n production
...
Events:
  Type     Reason            Age   From               Message
  ----     ------            ----  ----               -------
  Warning  FailedScheduling  5m    default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 3 node(s) didn't match pod anti-affinity rules.
```
Question 25mediummultiple choice
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A team observes that a Pod is stuck in CrashLoopBackOff. The Pod runs a single container with an entrypoint that exits with non-zero code after a few seconds. The team wants to inspect the container's logs to understand why it is crashing. Which command should they use?

Question 26hardmultiple choice
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Refer to the exhibit. The nginx Pod is created, but the Pod never becomes Ready. The container starts and runs. What is the most likely reason?

Exhibit

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:latest
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        path: /healthz
        port: 80
      initialDelaySeconds: 5
      periodSeconds: 10
    readinessProbe:
      httpGet:
        path: /
        port: 80
      initialDelaySeconds: 3
      periodSeconds: 5
Question 27easymultiple choice
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A developer wants to run a one-time batch job that processes a queue and then terminates. Which Kubernetes resource should they use?

Question 28hardmultiple choice
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An application running in a Kubernetes cluster needs to securely access a third-party API. The API key must be stored in the cluster and mounted into the Pod as an environment variable. Which is the best practice?

Question 29easymultiple choice
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A Pod has a container that needs to write logs to a file. The administrator wants the logs to persist even if the container restarts. What is the simplest solution?

Question 30mediummultiple choice
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A team is designing a Kubernetes cluster for a production workload that requires high availability. They have three worker nodes in different availability zones. Which statement about scheduling Pods is correct?

Question 31mediumdrag order
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Drag and drop the steps to set up a Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm into the correct order.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 32mediumdrag order
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Drag and drop the steps to create a Kubernetes Namespace and deploy an application into it into the correct order.

Drag steps to the numbered slots on the right, or tap a step then tap a slot.

Steps
Order
1Step 1
2Step 2
3Step 3
4Step 4
5Step 5
Question 33mediummatching
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Match each Kubernetes scheduler concept to its description.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Constraints that attract pods to nodes based on node labels

Mechanism to repel pods from nodes unless they tolerate the taint

Minimum amount of CPU/memory guaranteed to a container

Maximum amount of CPU/memory a container can use

Indicates importance of a pod relative to others for preemption

Question 34mediummatching
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Match each cloud native concept to its definition.

Drag a concept onto its matching description — or click a concept then click the description.

Concepts
Matches

Lightweight, standalone executable package that includes everything needed

Architectural style that structures an app as a collection of loosely coupled services

Automated configuration, coordination, and management of containers

Approach where servers are never modified after deployment; replaced instead

Specifying the desired state, letting the system achieve and maintain it

Question 35mediummultiple choice
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A pod in the 'production' namespace is in a CrashLoopBackOff state. The pod has been running successfully for several days. You run 'kubectl describe pod app-pod -n production' and see the message: 'OOMKilled'. What is the MOST appropriate action to resolve this issue?

Question 36easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is responsible for storing the cluster state and configuration data?

Question 37easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Service object?

Question 38mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment named 'web-app' with 3 replicas. You need to scale it to 5 replicas. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 39mediummultiple choice
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You need to run a batch job that processes data and then exits. Which Kubernetes resource type is most appropriate for this workload?

Question 40hardmultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. Which of the following is NOT a common cause for a pod to remain Pending?

Question 41easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 42hardmultiple choice
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You deploy a new version of your application by updating the container image in the Deployment manifest. The rollout seems to be progressing, but after a few minutes you notice that the new Pods are failing and the old Pods are still running. What is the most likely reason?

Question 43mediummultiple choice
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Which component is responsible for ensuring that containers are running as specified in a Pod's specification on a node?

Question 44mediummultiple choice
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You need to store a database password securely and expose it to a Pod as an environment variable. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 45hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment with image: myapp:v1. You update the image to myapp:v2 using 'kubectl set image deployment/myapp myapp=myapp:v2'. The rollout status shows 'Waiting for rollout to finish: 0 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...'. What is the most likely cause of this behavior?

Question 46easymultiple choice
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Which command would you use to view the logs of a container named 'nginx' in a Pod named 'web-pod'?

Question 47mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid use cases for Kubernetes Namespaces? (Select 2)

Question 48hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following statements about Kubernetes Deployments are correct? (Select 2)

Question 49hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid attributes in a Kubernetes Pod specification? (Select 3)

Question 50easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Question 51easymultiple choice
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Which component of the Kubernetes control plane is responsible for persisting the cluster state?

Question 52mediummultiple choice
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A developer wants to expose a set of pods running a web application internally within the cluster using a stable IP address. Which Kubernetes resource should they create?

Question 53mediummultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in Pending state. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason?

Question 54mediummultiple choice
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What does the 'kubectl get pods' command display?

Question 55hardmultiple choice
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A cluster administrator notices that a Deployment's pods are not receiving traffic as expected. The Service selector matches the pod labels. What is a possible cause?

Question 56hardmultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes resource can be used to assign a pod to a specific node?

Question 57mediummultiple choice
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What is the function of kube-proxy on a worker node?

Question 58hardmultiple choice
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A developer creates a Deployment with the following YAML snippet:

```yaml apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment spec: replicas: 3 selector: matchLabels: app: frontend template: metadata: labels: app: frontend spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx:1.21 ```

What will happen if the label 'app: frontend' is omitted from the pod template's metadata?

Question 59mediummultiple choice
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Which command is used to view the logs of a pod named 'web-pod'?

Question 60easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 61hardmultiple choice
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A pod has both resource requests and limits defined. The container is using more CPU than the request but less than the limit. What will happen?

Question 62mediummulti select
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Which two components are part of the Kubernetes worker node? (Choose two.)

Question 63mediummulti select
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Which three of the following are valid methods to create or update resources in Kubernetes? (Choose three.)

Question 64hardmulti select
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Which two scenarios would benefit from using a StatefulSet instead of a Deployment? (Choose two.)

Question 65easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Question 66easymultiple choice
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Which component of the Kubernetes control plane stores the cluster state?

Question 67mediummultiple choice
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A developer creates a Deployment with 'replicas: 3'. After applying the manifest, only 2 pods are running. Which command would help identify why the third pod was not created?

Question 68mediummultiple choice
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Which resource provides stable network endpoints to a set of pods, regardless of pod IP changes?

Question 69hardmultiple choice
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A pod in the 'default' namespace cannot reach a pod in the 'backend' namespace by service name 'db-service'. Both namespaces exist and the service is running. What is the most likely cause?

Question 70mediummultiple choice
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Which kubectl command is used to apply a manifest file to create or update resources?

Question 71hardmultiple choice
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A Deployment is configured with 'strategy.type: RollingUpdate' and 'strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable: 0'. What is the effect during a rolling update?

Question 72mediummultiple choice
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What is the role of kube-scheduler in Kubernetes?

Question 73easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 74mediummultiple choice
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A pod has a liveness probe that returns failure. What action will Kubernetes take?

Question 75hardmultiple choice
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You have a YAML manifest for a Deployment with 'apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1'. When you run 'kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml', you get an error. What is the most likely cause?

Question 76mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object is used to store non-sensitive configuration data that can be consumed by pods?

Question 77easymulti select
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Which TWO components are part of the Kubernetes worker node?

Question 78mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid Kubernetes resource types?

Question 79hardmulti select
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Which TWO statements about Namespaces are correct?

Question 80easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the kube-scheduler in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 81easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object provides stable network endpoints and load balancing for a set of pods?

Question 82easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 83mediummultiple choice
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A pod in the 'production' namespace is in a CrashLoopBackOff state. The pod has been running successfully for several days. You run 'kubectl describe pod app-pod -n production' and see the message: 'OOMKilled'. What is the MOST appropriate action to resolve this issue?

Question 84mediummultiple choice
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Which component is responsible for ensuring that the containers in a pod are running as specified?

Question 85mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment that manages 3 replicas of a web application. You want to perform a rolling update with zero downtime. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 86mediummultiple choice
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A user reports that they can access a service by its ClusterIP but not by its DNS name from within the cluster. What is the most likely cause?

Question 87mediummultiple choice
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What is the role of etcd in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 88mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a correct YAML structure for a Service of type ClusterIP?

Question 89hardmultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'web-app' has been running with 3 replicas. After a configuration change, you notice that only 2 pods are ready. You run 'kubectl describe deployment web-app' and see 'Replicas: 3 desired | 3 total | 3 up-to-date | 2 available'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 90hardmultiple choice
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You want to run a batch job that processes a queue and then terminates. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 91hardmultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in the 'Pending' state. Which command would you use to get more details about why the pod cannot be scheduled?

Question 92easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are responsibilities of the kube-controller-manager? (Select 2)

Question 93mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to pass configuration data to a container in a pod? (Select 3)

Question 94hardmulti select
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Which TWO statements are true about Kubernetes namespaces? (Select 2)

Question 95easymultiple choice
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Which component is the primary entry point for all administrative tasks and API requests in a Kubernetes control plane?

Question 96easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can be created, scheduled, and managed?

Question 97mediummultiple choice
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You need to update a Deployment's container image from nginx:1.14 to nginx:1.16 and ensure zero downtime. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 98mediummultiple choice
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A Pod has been in 'Pending' state for an unusual amount of time. Which of the following is a likely cause?

Question 99mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object provides stable network endpoints and load balancing for a set of Pods?

Question 100mediummultiple choice
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A developer wants to run a stateless web application with 5 replicas and ensure that when a new version is released, Pods are updated one by one with no downtime. Which Kubernetes resource is best suited?

Question 101hardmultiple choice
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You have a web application that needs to read configuration from a file and also access a database password. Which combination of resources should you use to manage these configurations securely?

Question 102hardmultiple choice
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A Pod is in 'CrashLoopBackOff' state. You run 'kubectl logs <pod>' and see an error that the application cannot bind to port 8080 because the port is already in use. What is the most likely cause?

Question 103easymultiple choice
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Which command would you use to view the current state of all Pods in the default namespace?

Question 104mediummultiple choice
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You want to isolate a team's workloads within a Kubernetes cluster so that they cannot see or access resources from other teams. Which feature should you use?

Question 105hardmultiple choice
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A Deployment has a strategy of RollingUpdate with maxSurge=1 and maxUnavailable=0. The Deployment manages 3 replicas. The image is updated. What happens during the update?

Question 106easymultiple choice
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Which component runs on each worker node and ensures that containers are running as specified in the Pod spec?

Question 107mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are true about Kubernetes Services? (Select 2)

Question 108hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid reasons to use a StatefulSet instead of a Deployment? (Select 3)

Question 109mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Select 2)

Question 110easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is responsible for ensuring that the desired number of pod replicas is running in the cluster?

Question 111easymultiple choice
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What is the purpose of a Service in Kubernetes?

Question 112easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view the logs of a specific pod?

Question 113mediummultiple choice
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A user creates a Deployment with 'replicas: 3'. After applying the manifest, only 2 pods are running. What is the most likely cause?

Question 114mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object is used to store non-sensitive configuration data that can be consumed by pods?

Question 115mediummultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. After running 'kubectl describe pod', you see the event: '0/3 nodes are available: 3 Insufficient cpu'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 116mediummultiple choice
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Which field in a Deployment YAML specifies the number of pod replicas?

Question 117mediummultiple choice
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A user wants to run a one-time batch job that runs to completion. Which Kubernetes resource should they use?

Question 118hardmultiple choice
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A developer creates a Service of type ClusterIP in namespace 'default'. They attempt to reach the Service from another pod in the same namespace using the Service name 'my-svc'. The connection fails. What is the most likely cause?

Question 119hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following is a correct way to assign a pod to a specific node using a nodeSelector?

Question 120hardmultiple choice
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A pod has resource requests set to 'cpu: 500m' and 'memory: 256Mi'. The node has 2 CPU cores and 4Gi memory. How many pods with the same resource requests can be scheduled on that node, assuming no other pods?

Question 121hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following kubectl commands would you use to apply a manifest file and also save it for later updates?

Question 122mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are control plane components? (Select TWO)

Question 123mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid types of Kubernetes Services? (Select THREE)

Question 124hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are true about Pod resource limits? (Select TWO)

Question 125easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Question 126mediummultiple choice
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Which component of the control plane is responsible for persisting the entire cluster state?

Question 127mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'web-app' is configured with replicas: 3. You update the container image. Which Kubernetes object directly manages the pods during the rolling update?

Question 128hardmultiple choice
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You have a pod that is scheduled on a node with insufficient memory. The pod's manifest does not have a memory limit, but the node is under memory pressure. What is likely to happen to the pod?

Question 129easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command is used to view detailed information about a Kubernetes resource?

Question 130mediummultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can be created and managed?

Question 131hardmultiple choice
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A Service of type ClusterIP has been created, but pods in the same namespace cannot reach it by its DNS name. The Service selector matches the pods. What is a likely cause?

Question 132mediummultiple choice
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Which component on each worker node is responsible for ensuring that containers are running as specified in the Pod manifest?

Question 133mediummultiple choice
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You need to store a sensitive database password in Kubernetes. Which resource should you use?

Question 134easymultiple choice
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What is the purpose of a Namespace in Kubernetes?

Question 135hardmultiple choice
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You create a Pod with a liveness probe that uses an HTTP GET on port 8080, path /healthz. The probe fails after the container starts. What will happen to the Pod?

Question 136mediummultiple choice
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Which API version is correct for a Deployment in modern Kubernetes (v1.29+)?

Question 137mediummulti select
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Which two components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Select two.)

Question 138hardmulti select
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Which three of the following are true about Services in Kubernetes? (Select three.)

Question 139mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are valid ways to expose a Pod's container port to other resources? (Select two.)

Question 140easymultiple choice
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Which component of the Kubernetes control plane is responsible for storing the cluster state?

Question 141easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view detailed information about a pod named 'web-pod' in the 'default' namespace?

Question 142mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'app-deploy' is configured with strategy type: RollingUpdate. You want to update the container image to a new version. What kubectl command should you use?

Question 143mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object provides a stable IP address and DNS name to access a set of pods, and can perform load balancing?

Question 144hardmultiple choice
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A user creates a Pod with a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) that requests 5Gi of storage. The cluster has two PersistentVolumes (PVs): PV1 (3Gi, AccessModes: ReadWriteOnce) and PV2 (10Gi, AccessModes: ReadOnlyMany). The PVC specifies storageClassName: "" and AccessModes: ReadWriteOnce. Which PV will bind to the PVC?

Question 145mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment that must run exactly one replica on each node in the cluster for logging purposes. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 146easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a liveness probe in a container?

Question 147mediummultiple choice
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You need to provide configuration data as environment variables to a pod, but the data is not sensitive. Which object should you use?

Question 148hardmultiple choice
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A pod in the 'default' namespace has the following YAML snippet: securityContext: runAsUser: 1000 runAsGroup: 3000 fsGroup: 2000 What is the effect of the fsGroup field?

Question 149easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command is used to see the logs of a container in a pod?

Question 150mediummultiple choice
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A user runs 'kubectl create deployment my-deploy --image=nginx' and then wants to scale the deployment to 5 replicas. Which command should they use?

Question 151hardmultiple choice
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You create a Service of type NodePort with nodePort: 30080. The cluster's nodes have IP addresses 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.2. From outside the cluster, which address and port can you use to access the Service?

Question 152mediummulti select
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Which two components are part of the Kubernetes worker node? (Select TWO)

Question 153hardmulti select
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Which three of the following are valid methods to expose a Service to external traffic? (Select THREE)

Question 154mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are Kubernetes controllers that run inside the kube-controller-manager? (Select TWO)

Question 155easymultiple choice
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Which component is the primary entry point for all administrative tasks and API requests in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 156easymultiple choice
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What is the purpose of a Kubernetes Service?

Question 157mediummultiple choice
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A developer needs to deploy a stateless application with three replicas and ensure that updates are rolled out with zero downtime. Which Kubernetes resource is most appropriate?

Question 158mediummultiple choice
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You run 'kubectl get pods' and see a pod with status 'Pending'. Which is the most likely cause?

Question 159mediummultiple choice
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Which command creates a Deployment named 'nginx-deployment' from the image 'nginx:1.25' and exposes it on port 80?

Question 160hardmultiple choice
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A pod is running a Java application that occasionally leaks memory. After a few hours, 'kubectl describe pod' shows the container exited with OOMKilled. You want to automatically restart the container but ensure the application has enough memory. What should you do?

Question 161mediummultiple choice
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Which component runs on every Kubernetes node and ensures that the containers in a pod are running?

Question 162easymultiple choice
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You want to view the logs of a running pod named 'my-pod'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 163hardmultiple choice
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A Kubernetes cluster has multiple worker nodes. You create a Pod without any node selector. The scheduler places the pod on a node, but the pod remains in 'Pending' state. 'kubectl describe pod' shows '0/1 nodes are available: 1 node had taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/master: }, that the pod didn't tolerate'. What does this indicate?

Question 164mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object can be used to store sensitive data, such as passwords or API keys, and inject them into pods?

Question 165hardmultiple choice
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You create a Service of type ClusterIP in the 'default' namespace. You try to reach the Service from a pod in the 'production' namespace using the service name. The connection fails. What is the most likely reason?

Question 166mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is true about Kubernetes Namespaces?

Question 167mediummulti select
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Which two statements correctly describe etcd in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 168hardmulti select
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Which three components are part of the Kubernetes control plane?

Question 169easymulti select
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Which two commands are valid for viewing information about pods in a namespace named 'production'?

Question 170easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Question 171easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is the entry point for all REST API requests?

Question 172mediummultiple choice
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A user runs 'kubectl get pods -n default' but receives an error: 'Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User cannot list resource pods in API group'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 173mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment is configured with 'replicas: 3'. After a node failure, only 2 pods are running. What component ensures that a new pod is scheduled to restore the desired replica count?

Question 174hardmultiple choice
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A team wants to deploy a stateful application that requires each pod to have a unique, stable network identity and persistent storage that persists across rescheduling. Which Kubernetes resource is most appropriate?

Question 175mediummultiple choice
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A Service of type ClusterIP is created to expose a set of pods. How does the Service achieve load balancing to the pods?

Question 176hardmultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. 'kubectl describe pod' shows '0/4 nodes are available: 4 Insufficient memory'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 177mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a correct apiVersion for a Deployment in a modern Kubernetes cluster (v1.19+)?

Question 178mediummultiple choice
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A user wants to view the logs from a container named 'app' inside a multi-container pod named 'web'. Which kubectl command should be used?

Question 179easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 180hardmultiple choice
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A ClusterIP Service named 'db-service' in namespace 'prod' selects pods with label 'app: database'. A pod in the same cluster needs to reach this service using DNS. What is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for the service?

Question 181mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is a way to provide configuration data to a pod without baking it into the container image?

Question 182mediummulti select
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Which TWO components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Choose two.)

Question 183hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to assign a pod to a specific node? (Choose three.)

Question 184mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are benefits of using a Deployment over managing ReplicaSets directly? (Choose two.)

Question 185easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is the primary entry point for all administrative tasks and exposes the REST API?

Question 186easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Namespace in Kubernetes?

Question 187mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment manages ReplicaSets and supports rolling updates. You want to change the container image of a Deployment without downtime. What is the recommended approach?

Question 188mediummultiple choice
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Which component runs on every worker node and ensures that containers are running in a Pod as specified in the Pod manifest?

Question 189easymultiple choice
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A Pod has two containers. You need to see the logs of the second container named 'sidecar'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 190mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment named 'web-app' running three replicas. You need to scale it to five replicas. Which kubectl command accomplishes this?

Question 191hardmultiple choice
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You have a Pod with a container that runs a web server. The Pod has a memory request of 256Mi and a memory limit of 512Mi. The container attempts to allocate 600Mi of memory. What happens?

Question 192mediummultiple choice
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Which resource type provides a stable IP address and DNS name to access a set of Pods, regardless of Pod IP changes?

Question 193mediummultiple choice
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You have a ConfigMap named 'app-config' with key 'database.url'. Which environment variable reference in a Pod spec injects this value correctly?

Question 194easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can be created and managed?

Question 195hardmultiple choice
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You notice that a newly created Pod remains in 'Pending' state. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Question 196hardmultiple choice
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You create a Deployment with 'replicas: 3' and update the pod template without changing the selector. After the update, you notice that only the new Pods are running, but old Pods have been terminated. What is the default update strategy?

Question 197mediummulti select
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Which TWO components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Select exactly two.)

Question 198mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to expose a Service to external traffic? (Select exactly three.)

Question 199hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are correct about the 'kubectl apply' command compared to 'kubectl create'? (Select exactly two.)

Question 200easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is the primary entry point for all administrative tasks and API requests?

Question 201easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 202easymultiple choice
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Which command is used to view detailed information about a specific pod?

Question 203mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment manages ReplicaSets. What is the primary benefit of using a Deployment over directly managing ReplicaSets?

Question 204mediummultiple choice
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You have a Pod with a container that needs to read sensitive data such as a database password. Which Kubernetes resource should you use to store this data?

Question 205mediummultiple choice
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A Pod is stuck in Pending state. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Question 206mediummultiple choice
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Which component on a worker node is responsible for enforcing the network rules and implementing Service abstractions?

Question 207mediummultiple choice
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You need to update a running Deployment to use a new container image. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 208mediummultiple choice
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A Service of type ClusterIP is created. What is the default behavior of this Service?

Question 209hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment that manages 3 replicas. You want to perform a rolling update with a maximum of 2 Pods unavailable during the update. Which field should you set in the Deployment spec?

Question 210hardmultiple choice
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You run 'kubectl logs my-pod' and see: "Error from server (BadRequest): container "my-container" in pod "my-pod" is waiting to start: PodInitializing". What does this mean?

Question 211hardmultiple choice
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You have a Pod that needs to run a one-time batch job to completion. Which resource type should you use?

Question 212easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are responsibilities of the kubelet on a worker node?

Question 213mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about Namespaces are correct?

Question 214hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to expose a Service to external traffic?

Question 215easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is the primary entry point for all administrative tasks and serves the Kubernetes API?

Question 216easymultiple choice
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Which component runs on every worker node and is responsible for ensuring that containers are running in a pod according to the pod specification?

Question 217easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can be created, scheduled, and managed?

Question 218mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment defined with replicas: 3. You run 'kubectl scale deployment my-deployment --replicas=5'. What happens?

Question 219mediummultiple choice
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A developer needs to update a running Deployment's container image from 'nginx:1.21' to 'nginx:1.23' with minimal downtime and the ability to roll back if the new version fails. Which kubectl command should be used?

Question 220mediummultiple choice
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You want to expose a set of pods running a web application on port 80 internally within the cluster, with a stable IP address, so that other services can reach them. Which Kubernetes resource should you create?

Question 221mediummultiple choice
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A DevOps engineer has created a ConfigMap named 'app-config' and wants to use it to set environment variables in a pod. Which field in the pod spec should reference the ConfigMap?

Question 222mediummultiple choice
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You notice that a pod is in 'Pending' state for a long time. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Question 223hardmultiple choice
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You create a Deployment with 'replicas: 3' and update the pod template to use a new image. After the rollout, you notice that the new ReplicaSet has 3 pods but they are all failing with 'CrashLoopBackOff'. You want to rollback to the previous working revision. Which command should you run?

Question 224hardmultiple choice
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A pod is running but you need to view the contents of a file '/var/log/app.log' inside the container to debug an issue. Which kubectl command allows you to do this without modifying the pod?

Question 225hardmultiple choice
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You need to ensure that a pod runs on a specific node that has an SSD. The node has the label 'disktype=ssd'. How should you configure the pod to target this node?

Question 226hardmultiple choice
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You want to create a new Namespace called 'staging' and apply a ResourceQuota to it. Which of the following YAML snippets correctly defines a ResourceQuota that limits total memory to 10Gi and total CPU to 5 cores in namespace 'staging'?

Question 227easymulti select
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Which two of the following are benefits of using Kubernetes for container orchestration? (Select TWO.)

Question 228mediummulti select
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Which two components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Select TWO.)

Question 229mediummulti select
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Which three of the following are valid ways to interact with the Kubernetes API? (Select THREE.)

Question 230mediummultiple choice
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A pod in the 'production' namespace is in a CrashLoopBackOff state. The pod has been running successfully for several days. You run 'kubectl describe pod app-pod -n production' and see the message: 'OOMKilled'. What is the MOST appropriate action to resolve this issue?

Question 231easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster by running controller loops?

Question 232mediummultiple choice
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You need to run a stateless web application with three replicas, and you want to ensure that if a pod fails, it is automatically replaced. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 233hardmultiple choice
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A developer created a Deployment with 5 replicas. After applying the manifest, only 3 pods are Running; the other 2 are Pending. Which is the MOST likely cause?

Question 234easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Service?

Question 235mediummultiple choice
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You want to view the logs of a container named 'app' inside a pod named 'web-pod-7d4f8'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 236hardmultiple choice
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A cluster administrator needs to ensure that a Deployment named 'frontend' in namespace 'web' is updated with a new image version using a rolling update strategy. The current deployment has 4 replicas. The administrator runs: kubectl set image deployment/frontend frontend=nginx:1.21 -n web. Which of the following describes the expected behavior?

Question 237easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is a worker node component responsible for ensuring that containers are running in a pod as specified in the pod's spec?

Question 238mediummultiple choice
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You need to create a ConfigMap from a file named 'app.properties'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 239hardmultiple choice
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A pod has resource requests: cpu: 250m, memory: 512Mi and limits: cpu: 500m, memory: 1Gi. If the container tries to use 600m CPU and 700Mi memory, what will happen?

Question 240easymultiple choice
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Which component of the control plane is the only one that directly interacts with etcd?

Question 241mediummultiple choice
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You have a Namespace 'team-a' and you want to see all Pods in that namespace, including those that are not ready. Which command should you use?

Question 242mediummulti select
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Which TWO components are part of the Kubernetes control plane?

Question 243mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid ways to expose a Deployment as a Service?

Question 244hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are true about Kubernetes Namespaces?

Question 245easymultiple choice
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Which component of the Kubernetes control plane is responsible for storing the cluster state?

Question 246mediummultiple choice
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A developer wants to deploy a stateless web application that should maintain three running instances at all times. Which Kubernetes resource should they use?

Question 247mediummultiple choice
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You need to inspect the logs of a container named 'app' in a pod called 'web-1'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 248easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes resource provides a stable IP address and DNS name to access a set of pods?

Question 249hardmultiple choice
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A pod remains in 'Pending' state. Upon inspecting the pod with 'kubectl describe pod', you see the message '0/1 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had taint {node.kubernetes.io/disk-pressure: }, that the pod didn't tolerate'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 250mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is true about Kubernetes Namespaces?

Question 251easymultiple choice
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A container in a pod has been restarted multiple times with 'CrashLoopBackOff' state. What does this indicate?

Question 252mediummultiple choice
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You want to update a Deployment's container image from 'nginx:1.20' to 'nginx:1.21' and record the change. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 253hardmultiple choice
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In a YAML manifest for a Deployment, which field defines the number of pod replicas?

Question 254mediummultiple choice
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A user runs 'kubectl get pods -n production' and sees no output. What is the most likely reason?

Question 255easymultiple choice
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Which component runs on every worker node and is responsible for maintaining the lifecycle of pods?

Question 256hardmultiple choice
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You have a ConfigMap named 'app-config' and a Secret named 'db-password'. You want to mount them into a pod. Which statement is correct?

Question 257mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are Kubernetes control plane components?

Question 258mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to expose environment variables from a ConfigMap to a pod?

Question 259hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are true about Kubernetes Pods?

Question 260easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the Kubernetes control plane component 'kube-apiserver'?

Question 261easymultiple choice
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Which command is used to view detailed information about a specific pod, including events and conditions?

Question 262mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'myapp' is managing a ReplicaSet. You need to update the application image to version 2.0. What is the recommended approach?

Question 263mediummultiple choice
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You have a pod that needs to securely access a database password. Which Kubernetes resource should you use to store the password?

Question 264mediummultiple choice
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Which component runs on every node and is responsible for maintaining network rules that allow communication to Pods from network endpoints?

Question 265mediummultiple choice
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A pod is in 'Pending' state for a long time. What is the most likely cause?

Question 266mediummultiple choice
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You have two pods in different namespaces that need to communicate using a stable IP address. Which Kubernetes object provides a stable endpoint for a set of pods?

Question 267easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object is used to logically isolate resources within a cluster, such as for separating environments like dev and prod?

Question 268mediummultiple choice
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Your application requires persistent storage that must be available across pod restarts and rescheduling. What is the recommended approach?

Question 269hardmultiple choice
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A Deployment is configured with 'replicas: 5' and a rolling update strategy. During an update, you notice that the number of available pods drops to 3 momentarily. Which field in the Deployment spec can be adjusted to control the minimum number of pods available during a rolling update?

Question 270hardmultiple choice
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You need to ensure that a pod runs on a node with SSD storage. How can you achieve this?

Question 271hardmultiple choice
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A Service of type ClusterIP is not resolving DNS names for pods. The pods are running and can communicate with each other via IP addresses. Which component should be checked first?

Question 272mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are responsibilities of the kube-controller-manager?

Question 273hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are true about Kubernetes labels and selectors?

Question 274easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a Kubernetes Pod?

Question 275easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object provides stable network endpoints and load balancing for a set of pods?

Question 276easymultiple choice
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Which control plane component is responsible for assigning pods to nodes?

Question 277mediummultiple choice
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A developer deploys a pod with the following resource specification: ```yaml resources: requests: memory: "256Mi" limits: memory: "512Mi" ``` The pod is killed with OOMKilled. What is the most likely cause?

Question 278mediummultiple choice
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You need to expose a set of pods running in the 'dev' namespace internally within the cluster on a stable IP. All pods have the label 'app: web'. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 279mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment is created with `replicas: 3`. After applying the manifest, only 2 pods are running and one is in Pending state. What is the most likely reason?

Question 280hardmultiple choice
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An application requires that configuration data be mounted as a file inside the container. The data may change at runtime, and the application should automatically read the updated values without restarting. Which approach should be used?

Question 281mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the kubelet on a worker node?

Question 282easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of the `kubectl apply` command?

Question 283hardmultiple choice
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You need to run a one-time batch job that processes data and then exits. The job should run to completion and not be restarted. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 284mediummultiple choice
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A service of type ClusterIP is created but pods cannot reach it using the service name. The pods are in the same namespace. What is a likely cause?

Question 285mediummultiple choice
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Which command would you use to view the logs of a container named 'sidecar' inside a pod named 'app'?

Question 286hardmultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in Terminating state for several minutes. What is the most likely cause?

Question 287mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid methods for exposing a Service externally?

Question 288hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid apiVersions for Kubernetes resources?

Question 289easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are functions of the kube-controller-manager?

Question 290easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster by running controllers?

Question 291easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can be created and managed?

Question 292mediummultiple choice
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You want to update a Deployment's container image to v2 and perform a rolling update. Which kubectl command achieves this?

Question 293mediummultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in Pending state. You run 'kubectl describe pod' and see the event '0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had taint(s) that the pod didn't tolerate, 2 node(s) had insufficient memory.'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 294mediummultiple choice
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You need to provide an application with configuration data that does not change often and should not be baked into the container image. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 295mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes controller ensures that a specified number of pod replicas are running at all times?

Question 296hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment with 3 replicas. You need to perform a rolling update with 2 extra pods during the update and ensure that only 1 pod is unavailable at any time. Which update strategy configuration achieves this?

Question 297easymultiple choice
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Which component on a worker node is responsible for enforcing the desired state of pods as defined in the pod specification?

Question 298mediummultiple choice
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You need to expose a set of pods running a web application to internal cluster traffic on a stable IP address. Which resource should you create?

Question 299hardmultiple choice
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A pod is in CrashLoopBackOff state. 'kubectl logs pod' shows 'Error: cannot connect to database at db-service:5432'. The database Service exists and is reachable from other pods. What is the most likely cause?

Question 300mediummultiple choice
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You want to run a batch job that processes data and then terminates. Which Kubernetes resource is best suited for this workload?

Question 301hardmultiple choice
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You have a Service named 'my-svc' in namespace 'default'. A pod in namespace 'other' tries to reach it using the DNS name 'my-svc'. What is the correct DNS name for cross-namespace service discovery?

Question 302mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid ways to expose a set of pods to traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster?

Question 303mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid Kubernetes resource types that can be used to store configuration data or secrets?

Question 304hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are responsibilities of the kube-controller-manager?

Question 305easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is responsible for storing the cluster state?

Question 306easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 307mediummultiple choice
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A developer creates a Deployment with 3 replicas. The developer runs 'kubectl get pods' immediately after creation and sees that only 1 pod is in Running state, and the other 2 are Pending. What is the most likely reason for this?

Question 308mediummultiple choice
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A team runs a stateless web application in Kubernetes. They have a Deployment named 'web-app' with 5 replicas. They want to ensure that a Service named 'web-svc' distributes traffic evenly to all healthy pods. Which type of Service should they use?

Question 309mediummultiple choice
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An administrator wants to update the image of a Deployment named 'my-app' from 'nginx:1.19' to 'nginx:1.20' with a rolling update strategy. They want to ensure that during the update, the number of unavailable pods never exceeds 1. Which field should they set in the Deployment spec?

Question 310hardmultiple choice
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A pod named 'db' in the 'default' namespace cannot connect to another pod named 'cache' in the 'prod' namespace via DNS. The service 'cache-svc' exists in the 'prod' namespace. What DNS name should the 'db' pod use to reach the 'cache-svc' service?

Question 311mediummultiple choice
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A DevOps engineer has created a ConfigMap named 'app-config' with some configuration data. They want to make that data available as environment variables in a pod. Which field in the pod spec should they use to achieve this?

Question 312hardmultiple choice
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A cluster administrator wants to ensure that a specific pod only runs on nodes that have an SSD for local storage. The nodes with SSDs have the label 'disk-type: ssd'. How should the administrator configure the pod to enforce this constraint?

Question 313easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command can be used to view detailed information about a specific pod, including its current state, events, and resource usage?

Question 314mediummultiple choice
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A pod is experiencing high memory usage. The administrator wants to enforce that the pod is terminated if it exceeds a memory limit and restarted automatically, but also wants to guarantee a minimum amount of memory for the pod. Which resource specification should be used in the container definition?

Question 315mediummultiple choice
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Two pods, 'app-v1' and 'app-v2', both have a label 'app: myapp'. A Service 'my-service' has a selector 'app: myapp'. How many endpoints will the Service initially have?

Question 316hardmultiple choice
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A developer deploys a CronJob that runs a batch job every 5 minutes. After a while, they notice that the job fails with 'DeadlineExceeded' and the pod is stuck in 'PodInitializing' state. What is the most likely reason?

Question 317mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are functions of the kube-controller-manager?

Question 318mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to expose a set of pods as a network service in Kubernetes?

Question 319hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid reasons that a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) may remain in 'Pending' state?

Question 320easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Service?

Question 321mediummultiple choice
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Which component of the Kubernetes control plane is responsible for storing the cluster state?

Question 322hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment defined with replicas: 5. You run 'kubectl scale deployment myapp --replicas=3'. Which component is responsible for ensuring the actual number of Pods matches the desired 3?

Question 323mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object should you use to store non-sensitive configuration data that can be consumed by Pods as environment variables or mounted files?

Question 324easymultiple choice
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A Pod is in the 'Pending' state. What is the most likely cause?

Question 325mediummultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view the logs of a specific container named 'app' in a multi-container Pod named 'web-pod'?

Question 326hardmultiple choice
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A Deployment is rolling out a new version. The rollout has stalled, and 'kubectl rollout status deployment/myapp' shows 'Waiting for deployment rollout to finish: 2 out of 5 new replicas have been updated...'. The Deployment's spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable is set to 25% and maxSurge is 25%. What is the maximum number of Pods that could be unavailable during this rollout?

Question 327mediummultiple choice
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You need to run a batch job that processes a queue and then terminates. Which Kubernetes resource is most appropriate?

Question 328easymultiple choice
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Which command creates a Deployment named 'nginx' from the 'nginx:1.19' image?

Question 329hardmultiple choice
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A developer reports that a Pod cannot reach another Service in the same namespace via its DNS name. The Service name is 'api'. What is the correct DNS query for a Pod to resolve this Service?

Question 330mediummultiple choice
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Which field in a Pod's container specification defines the minimum amount of CPU guaranteed to the container?

Question 331easymultiple choice
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What is the role of the kubelet on a worker node?

Question 332mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are valid ways to expose a Deployment externally to the internet? (Select TWO)

Question 333hardmulti select
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Which three components are part of the Kubernetes control plane? (Select THREE)

Question 334easymulti select
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Which two statements about Pods are true? (Select TWO)

Question 335mediummultiple choice
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Which control plane component is responsible for persisting the entire cluster state?

Question 336easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 337mediummultiple choice
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A developer created a Deployment with image 'myapp:v1' and then ran 'kubectl set image deployment/myapp myapp=myapp:v2'. What is the effect of this command?

Question 338hardmultiple choice
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An application requires that a set of Pods each be assigned a unique DNS name that can be used for peer-to-peer communication. Which Kubernetes resource should be used?

Question 339easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object provides a stable IP address and DNS name for a set of Pods?

Question 340mediummultiple choice
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You have a Pod that is in 'Pending' state. What is the most likely cause?

Question 341mediummultiple choice
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Which kubectl command is used to create or update resources defined in a YAML file?

Question 342hardmultiple choice
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A user wants to ensure that a Deployment undergoes a rolling update with zero downtime, and that new Pods are fully ready before old Pods are terminated. Which field in the Deployment spec controls this behavior?

Question 343easymultiple choice
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Which component runs on every node and is responsible for ensuring that containers are running as specified in Pod manifests?

Question 344mediummultiple choice
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You need to store a database password securely and make it available to a Pod as an environment variable. Which Kubernetes resource should you create?

Question 345mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'web' has 3 replicas. You run 'kubectl scale deployment web --replicas=5'. What will happen?

Question 346hardmultiple choice
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You have a Pod that is running but not receiving traffic. You suspect the associated Service's selector does not match the Pod labels. Which kubectl command would you use to check the Service's selector?

Question 347mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements correctly describe the purpose of etcd in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 348mediummulti select
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Which TWO are valid reasons to use a Namespace in Kubernetes?

Question 349hardmulti select
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Which THREE actions can be performed using kubectl without installing additional plugins?

Question 350easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component acts as the entry point for all administrative tasks and provides the REST API?

Question 351easymultiple choice
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What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that you can create and manage?

Question 352easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the kubelet on a worker node?

Question 353mediummultiple choice
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A developer has created a Deployment with 3 replicas. The application should be reachable from other Pods within the same cluster. Which Kubernetes resource should be used to provide a stable network endpoint?

Question 354mediummultiple choice
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You run 'kubectl get pods' and see a Pod in the 'Pending' state. Which of the following is a likely cause?

Question 355mediummultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view the logs of a container named 'web' inside a Pod named 'app-12345'?

Question 356mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment is configured with 'replicas: 4' and 'strategy.type: RollingUpdate'. You update the container image. What behavior does the Deployment exhibit?

Question 357mediummultiple choice
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You need to securely store a database password for use by a Pod. Which Kubernetes resource should you use?

Question 358mediummultiple choice
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Which of the following is true about Kubernetes Namespaces?

Question 359hardmultiple choice
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A production issue arises: a Deployment with 10 replicas is updated, but the new Pods are failing health checks and being terminated. The old Pods are also being terminated. What is the most likely cause?

Question 360hardmultiple choice
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You apply the following YAML:

apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: web-deploy spec: replicas: 3 selector: matchLabels: app: web template: metadata: labels: app: web spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx:1.21

But the Deployment never creates any Pods. Which field is missing or incorrect?

Question 361hardmultiple choice
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You have a Service of type ClusterIP named 'my-svc' in the 'default' namespace. A Pod in the same cluster wants to reach this Service using DNS. What is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that resolves to the Service's cluster IP?

Question 362mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are valid ways to expose a set of Pods to external traffic?

Question 363mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are valid ways to set resource constraints on a container in a Pod spec?

Question 364hardmulti select
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Which three of the following are true about etcd in Kubernetes?

Question 365easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster by running reconciliation loops?

Question 366easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view detailed information about a specific pod, including events and container status?

Question 367mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment named 'web-app' that manages 3 replicas. You need to update the container image from version 1.0 to 2.0 with zero downtime. Which Kubernetes feature is designed to handle this automatically when you update the Deployment's pod template?

Question 368mediummultiple choice
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A pod in the 'production' namespace is in a CrashLoopBackOff state. The pod has been running successfully for several days. You run 'kubectl describe pod app-pod -n production' and see the message: 'OOMKilled'. What is the MOST appropriate action to resolve this issue?

Question 369mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes resource provides stable network endpoints for a set of pods, enabling service discovery and load balancing?

Question 370mediummultiple choice
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You want to deploy a stateless web application that should maintain 5 running instances at all times. You need to support rolling updates and rollbacks. Which Kubernetes resource is most appropriate?

Question 371hardmultiple choice
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A user reports that their application's DNS resolution is failing for a Service named 'my-service' in the same namespace. They are able to reach the Service by its cluster IP. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Question 372easymultiple choice
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Which component runs on every worker node and is responsible for ensuring that containers are running in a pod as specified in the PodSpec?

Question 373easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes primitive is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you can create or deploy?

Question 374mediummultiple choice
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You have a Kubernetes cluster with multiple namespaces. You need to allow communication only from pods with label 'app: frontend' to pods with label 'app: backend' in the same namespace. Which resource should you use?

Question 375hardmultiple choice
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You run 'kubectl get pods' and see a pod in 'Pending' state for over 5 minutes. You describe the pod and see '0/1 nodes are available: 1 Insufficient memory'. What is the most likely cause?

Question 376hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment that uses a ConfigMap for configuration. You update the ConfigMap with new data. However, the pods in the Deployment continue to use the old configuration. What is the most likely reason?

Question 377mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid uses of Kubernetes Namespaces? (Select 2)

Question 378mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are responsibilities of the kubelet? (Select 2)

Question 379hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid reasons to use a StatefulSet instead of a Deployment? (Select 3)

Question 380easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster by running controllers?

Question 381easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Service?

Question 382easymultiple choice
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Which kubectl command would you use to view the detailed state of a pod named 'web-pod' in the 'default' namespace?

Question 383mediummultiple choice
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You have a Deployment named 'frontend' with 3 replicas. You want to perform a rolling update to a new container image. Which command should you use?

Question 384mediummultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

Question 385mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes object is used to store non-confidential configuration data that can be consumed by pods?

Question 386mediummultiple choice
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You want to expose a set of pods running on node port 30080 to external traffic. Which Service type should you use?

Question 387mediummultiple choice
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What is the purpose of a liveness probe in a Kubernetes pod?

Question 388hardmultiple choice
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You create a Deployment with replicas: 3. You then scale the Deployment to 5 replicas. What is the order of operations that the Deployment controller follows?

Question 389hardmultiple choice
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A developer wants to inject environment variables into a pod from a ConfigMap named 'app-config'. Which YAML snippet correctly mounts all key-value pairs from the ConfigMap as environment variables?

Question 390hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment with the following rollout strategy: rollingUpdate: maxSurge: 1, maxUnavailable: 0. What behavior does this configuration enforce?

Question 391hardmultiple choice
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A user reports that they cannot connect to a Service from within the cluster. The Service is of type ClusterIP. Running 'kubectl get endpoints service-name' shows no endpoints. What is the most likely cause?

Question 392mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid ways to assign a pod to a specific node?

Question 393mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are core components of a Kubernetes worker node?

Question 394hardmulti select
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Which TWO of the following statements about Kubernetes namespaces are true?

Question 395easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Service?

Question 396mediummultiple choice
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Which command would you use to view the logs of a container named 'web' in a pod named 'frontend' running in the 'production' namespace?

Question 397mediummultiple choice
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A Deployment named 'nginx' is failing to update. You run 'kubectl rollout status deployment nginx' and see 'Waiting for deployment "nginx" rollout to finish: 0 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...'. The pod template has an image that does not exist. What is the most likely cause?

Question 398hardmultiple choice
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You have a multi-container pod with containers 'app' and 'sidecar'. You need to execute a shell command inside the 'sidecar' container. Which kubectl command should you use?

Question 399easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes control plane component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster, such as ensuring the correct number of pods are running?

Question 400mediummultiple choice
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You create a Pod with the following YAML. What will happen when you apply it?

Question 401hardmultiple choice
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A user reports that they cannot connect to a database service named 'db-service' from another pod in the same namespace. The service selector matches the database pod's labels. Which command would you run FIRST to troubleshoot the service's endpoints?

Question 402easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes?

Question 403mediummultiple choice
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A pod is stuck in 'Pending' state. Which of the following is a likely cause?

Question 404hardmultiple choice
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Which of the following kubectl commands would you use to update a Deployment's image to 'nginx:1.21' and record the change in the rollout history?

Question 405mediummultiple choice
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What is the purpose of kube-proxy on a worker node?

Question 406easymultiple choice
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Which of the following is used to logically isolate resources within a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 407mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are responsibilities of the kubelet? (Select TWO.)

Question 408hardmulti select
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Which three of the following are valid ways to expose a service externally in Kubernetes? (Select THREE.)

Question 409mediummulti select
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Which two of the following are true about ConfigMaps? (Select TWO.)

Question 410easymultiple choice
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What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Question 411easymulti select
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Which TWO components are part of the Kubernetes control plane?

Question 412mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are true about Kubernetes Pods?

Question 413mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid ways to create a Kubernetes resource using kubectl?

Question 414mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about Kubernetes Services are correct?

Question 415hardmulti select
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A pod is stuck in Pending state. Which THREE of the following are possible causes?

Question 416mediummulti select
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Which TWO resources can be used to store configuration data separately from container images?

Question 417mediummulti select
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Which THREE fields are required in a Kubernetes manifest YAML file?

Question 418easymulti select
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Which TWO components run on every worker node in a Kubernetes cluster?

Question 419hardmulti select
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An administrator wants to perform a rolling update of a Deployment. Which TWO actions will achieve this?

Question 420hardmulti select
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Which THREE statements about Labels and Selectors are correct?

Question 421mediummulti select
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Which TWO of the following are characteristics of a Namespace in Kubernetes?

Question 422hardmulti select
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A user reports that a web application is not accessible via its Service. The Service is of type ClusterIP. Which TWO steps should be taken to troubleshoot?

Question 423easymulti select
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Which TWO of the following are valid ways to view the logs of a pod named 'my-pod'?

Question 424mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are responsibilities of the kube-controller-manager?

Question 425easymultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes component is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster by running controller loops?

Question 426mediummultiple choice
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A pod in the 'production' namespace is in a CrashLoopBackOff state. The pod has been running successfully for several days. You run 'kubectl describe pod app-pod -n production' and see the message: 'OOMKilled'. What is the MOST appropriate action to resolve this issue?

Question 427hardmultiple choice
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You have a Deployment that runs a web application. You need to expose this application externally on a fixed port using a cloud load balancer. Which Service type should you use?

Question 428mediummultiple choice
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Which Kubernetes command displays the current state of a pod, including its IP address, node, and container statuses?

Question 429mediummultiple choice
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When creating a Deployment, you want to ensure that only a certain number of pods run at a time across all nodes. Which field in the Deployment spec controls this?

Question 430hardmultiple choice
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You are asked to schedule a pod on a node that has SSD storage. Which mechanism should you use to achieve this?

Question 431easymulti select
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Which TWO statements about Kubernetes Namespaces are correct?

Question 432easymulti select
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Which TWO components are part of a Kubernetes worker node?

Question 433mediummulti select
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Which TWO statements about Kubernetes Pods are correct?

Question 434mediummulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid options for the 'kubectl get' command to display output in different formats?

Question 435hardmulti select
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Which THREE statements about Kubernetes Services are correct?

Question 436hardmulti select
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Which THREE of the following are valid fields in a Kubernetes Deployment spec (apps/v1)?

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